Humor in the Workplace The Weighing the Pros and Cons Essay Example for Free

Humor in the Workplace The Weighing the Pros and Cons EssayWeighing the Pros ConsSubmitted toWilma ThomasonPrinciples of Management InstructorPrepared bySuccessful Future ManagementKenya HardenSunday, June 28, 2009Humor in the WorkplaceWeighing the Pros ConsI.IntroductionA.Evaluating the problems in the die hardplace1.Poor productivity2.Lack of creativityII.Benefits of incorporating humor at workA.Improves healthB.Reduces stressIII.How stress effects companiesA.Increases possibility of mis emergencesB.Loss of moneyIV.ConclusionA.Companies encourage humor1.Set ground rules2.Know what is allowedIncrease your companys earning potential by paying your employees to watch frivolity shows and play games for thirty minutes a day Reduce employee sick leave by establishing company playtime. These statements may sound asinine, but companies are discovering the benefits of incorporating exercise and laughter in the office. People spend at least forty hours a week in the workplace and a bout five or to a greater extent of those hours are spent trying to think of a new idea, or trying to complete a project because they pratt focus. Some employees are dependable drained and their minds are bombarded with thoughts of what they need to do at home.As a way to keep their employees focused and boost productivity, many companies are taking solicitude to the saying Laughter is the best medicine. It is becoming a fast growing trend in business concernes to find ways to allow their employees a period to make relaxed up and laugh. Laughter has been found to keep a person healthy and has several benefits it lowers tension, causes one to relax, boosts the immune system and can unconstipated temporarily absorb pain (www.HelpGuide.org).Laugh and the world laughs with you, this seems true even in the workplace. It is important that various methods are available to help employees eliminate stress so that their work is not affected. Stress can have a very negative effect on em ployee performance and causes burn-out. A person that is stressed-out is often distracted and makes mistakes. This can cause a major financial loss to the company, as well as the employee, if deformity occurs or a major project is delayed.Some companies take on that having fun or joking around on the job asgoofing off. Management in these types of companies feels that employees do not take their jobs seriously. Some employees are even labeled as adolescent, unprofessional and unproductive. This type of atmosphere creates tension and increases the risks of work related health problems in employees. It also costs the company money delinquent to excessive downtime due to the lack of creativity.However, many companies have been encouraging employees to have fun at work and have even set-up special rooms for their employees to take breaks equipped with televisions and games. By allowing employees to enjoy themselves at work, companies are building better relationships and strengthenin g communication between management and employees. So why not amaze the low cost, (if not free) remedy of humor in place? Laughter is contagious. It can make the workplace more pleasurable by easing tension, centralize risk of employee burnout, improve productivity and creativity.The key to the success of implementing humor in the workplace is to make sure that no one oversteps boundaries or cause injury to anyone. It is crucial that no one is offended by joking steer clear of religious, political, or personal topics. Everyone must be mindful of what is allowed and what is taboo.It is recommended that all business incorporate humor in the daily routines of their employees. The physical and mental health of employees is reflected in his or her performance. Allowing fun and relaxation on the job as a release will only improve productivity. The benefits of humor well out-weigh the risks.Works CitedEmotional Intelligence Central. Laughter is the Best Medicine The HealthBenefits of Humo r HelpGuide.org. 2001-2009.24 June 2009 Levy. S. on the job(p) in Dilberts World. Newsweek 12 Aug 199623 June 2009 McGhee, P. Health, Healing on the Immune System Humor as Survival Training.23 June 2009University of Missouri-Columbia. Light Humor in the Workplace is a Good Thing,Review shows. ScienceDaily 1 November 2007.24 June 2009http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071031130917.htmWood, Robert E., Beckmann, Nadin and Pavlakis, Fiona. Humor in Organizations NoLaughing Matter Research Companion to the Dysfunctional Workplace. Ed.Langan-Fox, Janice, Cooper, Cary L. and Klimoski, Richaard J. Cheltenham,Glos, UK Northhampton, MA Edward Elgar, 2007 216-231

Skills of Tourism graduates Essay Example for Free

Skills of Tourism graduates EssayThe primary objective of this study is to determine the employability skills of Tourism graduates from the yr 2005 to 2009 of University of ageless Help system of rules Dalta Molino such(prenominal) as Communication Skills, Human Relation Skills, Technical Skills, Management Skills, Research Skills and Leadership Skills. The study is anchored in the theory of Gazier as cited by Weinert who utter that employability is supply and drive. The Descriptive research design was utilized to analyze and delineate the current work abilities of the BST graduates. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to determine if significant deviance exist in the employability skills of Tourism graduates in relation to their year of graduation.The study revealed that there were significant differences in the employability skills of the Tourism graduates when they argon grouped according to year gradatory. The differences among the batches can be account ed from the variable factors and circumstances during the period of their study. Hence, from the conclusions, the institution can improve the quality of teaching by bringing educatees alfresco the classroom setting, hiring ability who argon equipped with background and experience in the tourism persistence and related jobs, and the University should extend utmost effort to provide facilities of the tourism collegeIntroductionThe University of constant Help System DALTA (UPHSD) Molino Campus, College of International and Hospitality Management is committed to providing quality education by offering a wide range of theoretical, practicable noesis and skills through various aspects of hospitality management which is necessary to e precise student in becoming competent individuals of society.The college offers study broadcasts such as Bachelor of experience major in Hotel and Restaurant Management (BSHRM), Associate in Hotel and Restaurant Management (ASHRM) and Bachelor of S cience in Tourism (BST). The Bachelor of Science in Tourism is a discipline that provides a wide array of experiences that leads to the understanding of history, customs, traditions, values and culture of incompatible places both here and abroad. Further, the BS Tourism program includes a course on Tour guiding, Foreign language, Tourist destination marketing, Thesis writing, Tourism Planning and Development, Personal Development and Public Relation, Cruise management, prompt Agency Management and Operation, Principles of Tourism with Tourism Laws, Philippine Tourism Geography and Culture, World Tourism Geography and Culture, Principles of Management, Front Office Management, and Convention and Recreation Management. These are the courses being taught to the students to gain the employability skills of tourism such as the Communication skill, Human relation skill, Tour guiding skill, Management Skill, Research Skill and Leadership skill. scholarly person capabilities as used in th is study refer to abilities learned in the four corners of the classroom preparing graduates for employment as they step out of the portals of their alma mater. Such skills result in better employability of graduates.According to Hind and Moss (2011), employability is a persons capability to gain and maintain employment. Further, it depends on the knowledge, skills and abilities possessed by the latter. Employability of graduates therefore depends on the trainings they attended from first year to their graduation. According to Walker (2006), tourism as career is a dynamic, evolving and consumer driven force it is also the worlds largest manufacturing or collection of industries. When all its interrelated components are placed under one umbrella tourism, travel, lodging, conventions, expositions, meetings, events restaurants, managed services assembly, destination and event management, and recreation. Walker also give tongue to that tourism plays a foundational role in framing th e various services that hospitality companies perform.In the past five years, the UPHSD Molino has produced number of graduates that have eventually joined tourism industry works in the tourism industry. Their work is crucial in creating appreciation of the beauty of the world therefore, these graduates need certain skills and knowledge in order to be considered assets to tourism establishments and maintain employability.The study provides documentary analysis about the employability skills of Bachelor of Science in Tourism graduates batch 2005 2009 of UPHSD- Molino Campus to meet the demands of the industry of the new century. Further, responses from graduates concerning various issues related to teaching and learning were also considered. Such information is essential to assist the University in planning and determining factors connect to student learning, curriculum design, and improvement of services provided by UPHSD. Therefore the researchers opted to conduct a study about the employability skills of Bachelor of Science in Tourism graduates batch 2005 2009 of UPHSD- Molino Campus. specifically it aims to determine the capabilities, knowledge, and skills possessed by graduates in finding and maintaining work. The study is anchored in the theory of Gazier as cited by Weinert (2001). According to Gazier, employability attempts to influence the supply side of the beat back market, that is, the workers and their productive capacities and performance, while the demand side is made up of the companies requirement.This theory of Gazier as cited by Weinert (2001) guided the researchers in the research because it gives an idea that employability is supply and demand where in the University produces supply to the Tourism industry yet the product graduates should meet the demand of the Tourism industry. The researchers believe that to be able to market the graduates, the supply moldiness possess communication skills, human relation, tour guiding skills, manage ment skills, research skills and leadership skills. These skills are crucial to meet the demand of the industry to further rear employability.IMPROVEMENTEMPLOYABILITYSKILLSFigure 1. Conceptual FrameworkFigure 1 shows that employability is dependent variable from graduates skills and the improvement of the university in terms of Curriculum design, services offered by the University and hiring faculty. In relation to the study, the graduates should focus on enhancing both students skills and their facilities to have a lavishly employment opportunity. To determine the tar buzz off respondents for the study, the researchers used the list of graduates. The researchers analyzed the aforesaid skills development Mean, Percentage, analysis of variance and Frequency Distribution to determine if significant differences exist in the employability skills of Tourism graduates in relation to their civil status, gender, and year of graduation. The study focused on the BS Tourism Graduates of Uni versity of Perpetual Help System DALTA- Molino Campus from year 2005-2009. The respondents were only 25 graduates of tourism from 2005-20091. Descriptive Research2. Researcher made Questionn bank linee3. Statistical word* Frequency* Percentage* Mean* ANOVAImprovements of-Curriculum Design-Services offered by the University-Hiring Faculty1. Profile of the Respondents* Civil circumstance* Gender* Year Graduated* Employment Status* Employed* Unemployed* Nature of Work* Airline* Travel Agency* Cruise ship* Front Office (Hotel)* Hospitality Related Jobs ( Tourism Officer, Casino, takings Organizing) * Others2. Skills* Communication Skills* Human Relation Skills* Technical Skills* Management Skills* Research Skills* Leadership SkillsINPUTProcess OUTPUTFigure 2 Operational FrameworkFigure 2 preceding(prenominal) shows that the study give use the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of civil status, gender, nature of work, year of graduation, employment status, and employab ility skills of the graduate of BST from 2005 2009. Such data will be the inputs for the study. A questionnaire developed by the researchers will be used as research instrument. Statistical treatment in the form of frequency distribution, percentage, mean, and ANOVA will be applied to process and interpret the collected data. The inputs and process described above will assist the University in planning and determining factors linked to students learning, curriculum design, and improvement of services provided by UPHSD. This study aims to determine the employability skills of Bachelor of Science in Tourism graduates batch 2005 2009 of UPHSD- Molino Campus.METHODSThe study covered the Graduates of BS-Tourism Students of batch 2005 2009 from University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Molino Campus as respondents of study which is compose of 25 students. To collect/gather the names of the graduates as well as their achieve numbers and addresses to get the total population needed for the study, the researchers sought permission from the office of Student Personnel Service. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondent. The researchers used a descriptive quantitative design for this research After the researchers gathered the list needed for the research, they distributed and administered the questionnaires to the respondents through social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and email and researchers also reached them with their contact numbers. Further, the researchers also conducted field work (i.e., home visits) to reach the graduate and completed the data gathering for the period of 5 months. Data were tabulated after the retrieval and brought to a statistician for statistical treatment, after which the researchers interpreted the result to give recommendation.There are more young-bearing(prenominal) graduates of tourism. The dominance of female students in the Tourism programme in this study is in line with a previous study on st udy motivations in Korea, Taiwan, and China (Kim, et al., 2007), indicating the popularity of hospitality and tourism Management among female students in Asian countries.1.2 Civil StatusAlmost all of the respondents are still single, which implies that if not for personal reasons, the quality and the demand of their current job unploughed them unmarried. In a book entitled Introduction to Hospitality Operations by Walker 2009, the WTO (World Tourism Association) has declared that tourism industry work is very demanding it is a 24hour-a day, 7-day-week, 52-week-a-year economic driver.1.3 Year GraduatedMost of the respondents are graduates of Batch 2008-2009. Respondents that graduated earlier from the UPHSD-Molino are less accessible than those who graduated recently, which can be attributed to the demands or location of their jobs as those who have graduated earlier tend be more established in their jobs. 1.4 Employment Status?Most of the respondents are already employed. This indi cates the high employability of the graduates of UPHSD-Molino. The program BS Tourism offered by the UPHSD- Molino provides umpteen opportunities for graduates to work in various professions in different sectors such as restaurants, resorts, air and cruise lines, theme parks, and casinos.1.5 Nature of WorkIt can be gleaned from the table 1.5 that 88% are employed in work aligned with their course. This indicates that he graduates are generally qualified to jobs aligned or closely aligned with their course, while the 8% are employed to other industry such as in business sector. The remaining 4% is a respondent who resigned from her work, which was inclined to tourism industry, and now focusing on her family.As stated above, the tourism program provides many opportunities for employment, which includes land, air and sea-based work.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSCollege of International and Hospitality Management is committed to providing quality education by offering a wide range of t heoretical and practical knowledge and skills through various aspects of hospitality management which is necessary to every(prenominal) student in becoming competent individuals of society. The above discussion has evaluated the skills of tourism students who graduated from the UPHSD -Molino, particularly, their technical, managerial, research, leadership, human relation, and communication skills. The null hypothesis, in which the researchers assumed no significant difference in the employability skills of the respondents, was rejected. The graduates of each batch rated themselves differently on various skills because of the different situations and factors that affected them during their study.According to the summary of data on different employability skills of tourism graduates, the researchers found significant differences in the employability skills of the respondents. In their analysis, the researchers gleaned that Tourism graduates have strong authorization for employment a s they have acquired the necessary tourism skills. Along with the Tourism skills, the institution can improve the quality of teaching by bringing students outside the classroom setting such as seminars, hotel and airline familiarizations, tour guiding competition and other tourism-related activities for them to fully experience and understand their field. Because the researchers believe that learning never stops in the four walls of the classroom itself instead they need to be exposed.Hiring faculty who are equipped with background and experience in the tourism industry and related jobs, such as those employed in tourism bureaus in government or tourism-related businesses, and those who have experience in organizing events/programs and activities. Certificates of accreditation from the DOT and other organizations such as TESDA on tour guiding, travel management, and so on would help instructors in molding and developing students as better tourism industry professionals with high emp loyability. Faculty with tourism industry experience can share more of their familiarity with the industry that is not purely textbook-dependent. In terms of technical skills, revealed as a weakness among the graduates, the University should extend utmost effort to provide facilities of the tourism college such as ticketing office with systems of Fidelio, Abacus, and Amadeus. Offer different language course in every year for them to be globally competitive.REFERENCESClaire Rees, Peter Forbes and Bianca Kubler Student Employability Profiles A Guide for Higher Education Practitioners Communication Skills http//www.communicationskills.com.in/definition-of-communication- skills.htm Final pre proof draft of Harvey, L., 2001, Defining and beat Employability, Quality in Higher Education 7 (2), pp. 97 110Lamberton and Minor (2010)http//wiki.answer.com/Q/whatishumanrelations Lomax, R.G. (2007) Statistical Concepts A Second Course ISBN Management Skillswww. buzzle.com/articles/management-s killPlanet Philippines by Pepper Marcelo (March 30, 2011)After College, Now What?Planet Philippines Leandro Milan (January 23, 2010) Migration Oversupply of Unemployable Graduates The Higher Education Academy Graduate Impact, Student Employability and Academic Integrity University of Glasgow Employers Perception of the Employability Skills of pertly Graduateswww. kent.ac.uk/careers/docs/graduate-employability-skills%202011.pdf Weinert, P., Baukens, M., et. Al (2001) Employability From Theory and Practice, Transaction

Learning Plan Essay Example for Free

development Plan EssayThe learning externalize described in this make-up is to have educatees debate a topic related to the Civil warfare. The debate topic is Was the Emancipation Proclamation enacted for moral reasons or political reasons? The main fantasy of this learning plan is to have schoolhouse-age childs work cooperatively to question facts, and recall and use facts from the Civil War unit to incorporate into their arguments. (It should be n wizardd that the learning plan described in this paper leave behind micturate several classes to complete, however the learning plan surgerys departing only address the class where the debate bequeath occur. )It isassumed that debate skills were taught in a previous class. The learning theory certainly incorporates constructivist aspects. They are constructing knowledge rather than absorbing it. This is constructivist approach is illustrated through the collaborative character of the assignment, as well as through t he look that scholars must(prenominal) produce. In terms of the use of technology and media the pupils leave aloneing be instructed to research integrity source of discipline, from the internet, related to their argument. They must submit a one-page analysis of the information in which they open along with a fixences page.This must be submitted to the teacher a week before the scheduled debate. The teacher give assess the content of the paper, however the references page ordain also be important. teacher must try the kinds of internet sources that the students have used. The credibility of the internet source, and the strength of students research will be analyzed by the teacher. The purpose is to assess students traditional literacy and critical analytical skills (assessed when evaluating the content), and information 1 2 accomplishment PLAN HISTORY logical argument CLASS literacy/interpretation skills of online material (assessed by reviewing thereference page).Fi nally, the teacher will hand back papers to the students, and he/she will instruct each group to use at least 2 of their group members papers into their groups arguments. Media and technology will also be incorporated with the use of social media. The teacher will tell students that their debates will be recorded and submitted to youtube or a private school website (if issues of privacy are raised). Others will be allowed to view the video to evaluate the strength of each team ups arguments. Based on the comments of public viewers, a winner will be chosen (by popular vote).This popular vote will be incorporated as a small percentage into the assessment. This is being done as to allow students to participate in new media opportunities within an educational context. acquire Plan Context Setting The high ineluctably school will be a High School in the Bay Area, either in San Francisco or Oakland. thither will be 25-30 students in an individual classroom. The lesson will bow out p lace the week after the Civil War unit is finished. It is judge that the unit will last about two weeks, therefore the debate class will occur during the third week. The actual debate class will take up one class period.The content area is US History/Politics. The grade level is Juniors (11th grade). In sum, the curriculum unit is 11th grade, US History/Politics, Civil War unit. 2 3 schooling PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Standards According to atomic number 20 standards for literacy in History/ aff competent Studies in 6-12th grades. A student must be able to demonstrate analysis of primary and secondary sources, and connect these insights to the understanding of the whole text. This ability will be addressed and assessed when students must incorporate information learned from the standard with information gained from the internet, and use bothsources of information, into their debate.The students ability to undertake this line will be evaluated by the teacher with the submission of students sources, and also during the debate. (http//www. cde. ca. gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards. pdf. ) Also according to California standards, students must be able to evaluate various explanations for events and actions. This standard is illustrated in the nature of the activity. A debate, in itself, evaluates different explanations for one event, which makes it an ideal means of addressing this standard. (http//www. cde. ca.gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards. pdf. )Finally, according to California standards, students must be able to evaluate differing points of view on the same historical issue. at a time again, this standard is illustrated within the nature of a debate. It is also illustrated when students submit their induce analysis of internet research (http//www. cde. ca. gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards. pdf. ) Learning Objective 3 4 acquirement PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Students will be able to collaboratively demonstrate their knowledge of Civil War policy, events and information, from the text and fromonline sources, by formulating arguments to be presented within a debate.Learning Theory Applications Constructivism is certainly at lick in this lesson plan The activity allows knowledge to be organized into schemas, concepts, and worldviews. This activity is emphasizing the use of au pasttic activities by constructing knowledge through interaction with the environments (internet and peers), and applying it to real-life situations (debate). The collaborative component certainly illustrates constuctivism learners will help each other create conceptual connections. Finally, students are working autonomously with the help of theteacher as facilitator, supporter, and model (Ormrod, 2006). Learning AccommodationsIndividualized Education Plan for Special Accomodations In each team, all students will be assigned a role. For example, speaker, writer, time-keeper. A students IEP will be taken into controlation w hen assigning roles. A student with an IEP, will be assigned a role that best fits their IEP. For example, a student with ADD, may be best suited to be a time-keeper since their attention span is not as focused. They may be anxious to compound the pace of the groups discussions, and therefore they may be eager to keep track of the time.4 5 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Language Development directs When assigning the internet-based research the teacher will give ELL students a website to navigate to, instead of having the students navigate the internet themselves. Teacher will give explicit instructions as to where to cypher on the website so students do not feel too overwhelmed with the English language. Teacher will ask the students to try to comprehend some of the information, however if this proves too difficult, then the teacher will ask the students to find 15-20 words from the website that the student did not understand.The student will then find the meanings of these words in their have got language. They must write at least a paragraph about the Civil War unit incorporating five of the words that they found on the internet. Also, at least two of these words must be incorporated into the arguments of their team. Gifted and Talented needs This is a challenging component to consider because a gifted/talented student does not necessarily mean an academic-rigorous student. To really tailor the lesson to address the interests of a gifted/talented student, then the teacher will have to be familiar with the personality of that particular student.However, some situations will be addressed here. freshman of all, from the research, the lesson itself befits that of a gifted/talented student. Competition, which characterizes a debate, usually suits the nature of gifted/talented students. (http//www. teachers introductory. com/gifted_strategies. cfm) The first situation to consider is a student who is gifted/talented, but not academically 5 6 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS rigorous. This student will be given a leading role within his/her team. He/she may be assigned to organize/manage all the ideas of the students.He/she is the one who will be given the polish for what theteacher is assessing when observing the teams discussions and arguments. He/she is the manager, and he/she will be assessed on their ability to keep his/her team on task. In this way, this student isnt necessarily doing more academic work, but he/she is being challenged in a rather difficult manner.A second situation to consider is to have a gifted/talented student who is academically rigorous. The teacher will give this student a second component to add to his/her research paper. The student must connect textbook material and internet material to the US politics of today. This is increasing thecognitive process from analyze (which all students must do with their research papers) to evaluate (Anderson and Krathwol, 2001). The student can choose to incorporate this extra component into their teams arguments. Resource Accommodations Low tech there are no computers, projector, or internet access in the classroom. If this is the case, teacher may have to allocate time in different lessons to use school facilities where computers are available. Computers must be used so that the teacher can taper students the kinds of websites that are credible, as well as to use sites, like youtube, to show students examples of debates.Computer use is necessary so 6 7 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS teacher may have to take time before or after school to meet with students (who are willing) to show them the above-mentioned websites. Mid tech One computer connected to a projector is available in the classroom. The teacher can use this computer to show examples of credible websites, as well as to show examples of debates online. High tech chassis is equipped with several computers. Teams can go online themselves to view videos of debates and start resear ch for their paper.In this way, the collaborative nature of the lesson willstart even earlier (in the pre-planning stage). Content-Based Literacy Skills In terms of text-based literacy students must incorporate information from their textbook into their arguments Critical thinking, reflective thought, and text-supported thinking will be illustrated when students must draw connections between internet-based information and textbook information while doing their analysis/research paper.This connection will be evaluated when students cute their sources within their paper. (This explanation will also illustrate students information literacy. ) New Media Literacy SkillsPerformance This skill is illustrated when students view sample debates on the internet and use this as models of performance in their own debates. 7 8 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Collective Intelligence This skill is done when students are within their respective teams and they must draw upon their own and others i deas, research, and knowledge to formulate strong arguments.Judgement This skill is illustrated when students must judge which websites and information are to be included in their research/analysis paper. Networking Once again, this skill is illustrated when students mustsearch, connect, and analyze information on the internet for the purpose of their research/analysis paper (Jenkins, 2001). Learning Material Textbook Learners will need textbook so that they can recall information. Paper, pen Leaners will need so that they can write down information.Rubric Both the learner and teacher needs. Learners need it so that they are aware of whats expected of them while working in teams and formulating their arguments. Teacher needs it so that he/she can refer to it when assessing the teams progress. Notes Learners will need them as a reference when formulating arguments.Stopwatch/watch This will be given to the student whose job is timekeeper. picture Camera Used to record the debate Lear ning Plan Procedures contour I Motivation action Teacher will show a trivial clip of a very powerful, interesting debate. Possibly a presidential debate. The clip will only show the most 8 9 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS poignant part (according to the teacher) of the debate. Hopefully the clip will be no longer than 5 minutes long. (if theres no computer available, then teacher must bring in her/his own computer. ) In a class of 30 chair/table. There will be 15 chairs/ tables on each sideof the room.They will be facing eachother. Learners will enter the classroom and sit down straight off with their team. The teacher will then show the video as soon as the class is seated and calm. This activity is being done to motivate, encourage, and cue students of what a good debate looks like so that the output of the students debates can match skills such as speaking (clear and concise) and shopping center-contact of the debaters within the video. Phase II Input (Teacher Driven) A ctivity During this class, the teacher will, serve only as facilitator, therefore not much activity will be driven by the teacher.However, after the video, the teacher will remind students of the title that was given to them, and tell students that she/he is only their to assist in the logistics of the debate (time, flow, managing emotions if this be mothers a problem). The teacher will also instruct students to take notes on each others arguments because this assignment will be important for their homework assignment. She/he will also remind student that they will be recorded. Teacher will tell all students to take out their rubrics. She/He will go over some key point from the rubric as it relates to the debate. 9 10 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS.The teacher will tell students to make sure that they keep these key points in mind because these points will be assessed during the debate. The teacher will instruct students to have their rubrics out for the entire class so they ca n monitor their teams progress by themselves. Teacher will formally go over key questions from the rubric that he/she hopes the teams have incorporated into the nature of the debate (clear speech, eye contact, concise points, deferent behavior) as well as into the content of the debate.In term of the nature of the debate, questions might look like Is my team being quiet/respectful as theother team presents their arguments? , Are my responses to the others teams arguments not insulting? etc. In terms of the content of the debate, questions may look like, Did my team incorporate facts from the textbook? , Did my team use at least two credible internet sources within the argument? , Did my team follow finical instructions assigned by the teacher (e. g. incorporating ideas from IEP students, ELL student, gifted students)?. This activity and these questions serve to remind students of the importance of the collaborative nature of the learning objective. Theyalso serve to remind studen ts that they must be able to demonstrate their understanding of the Civil War unit, as well as their understanding of right(prenominal) sources within the context of an argument. Phase III Output (Learner Driven) Activity 10 11 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Students will take part in a debate.The topic is Was the Emancipation Proclamation enacted for moral reasons or political reasons? This activity will illustrate the learning objective in several ways. First, the collaborative nature of the previous classes will finally be demonstrated. Second, the students must illustrate their knowledge ofCivil War policies within their arguments. Third, both sides arguments must include information from outside sources. The teacher will select one team to present their arguments first. Recording will begin The speaker of that team will stand up and come to the front of the class.They will present their teams argument. In the argument they must mention the sources in which they got their information. For example, if they got a particular piece of data from the textbook, then they must state As is presented in the textbook. If they got a particular piece of data from the internet then they must state, As ispresented on questionable website, or by so-called authorThey must also explicitly state how they used the special instructions from the teacher. For example, (ELLs students name) found that compromise was not a possible solution of the Civil War. In this example, it is assumed that compromise was on a list of words that an ELL student did not understand. He/she presented these list of words to his/her team. The team reviewed the list, and chose to use the word compromise as part of their argument. The student will finish the presentation of his/her argument. 11 12 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS.The teacher will tell the next team to present its argument. The team will follow the same procedure as above. The teacher will then stop recording of the debate. Thi s debate will naturally lead to questions, comments from both the teacher and the students. Phase IV close The teacher will ask the groups to clear up any misunderstandings or misinformation the teams may have had within their argument. This is to give other team members a retrieve to speak about the argument, which reinforces the collaborative effort of the lesson.The teacher will also ask students how their teams or the other teamsinformation and debate skills differed and how these things were similar to the debate presented in the beginning of the class. As a smaller activity, the teacher will instruct all the students to come up with one question, comment, critique of the other teams argument.This assignment will illustrate each students understanding of the Civil War Unit because it challenges students to relate, connect, or counter-argue their own knowledge of the unit. This question will be submitted to the teacher. Phase V Extension For homework, students will write a one -page analysis of the opposing teams arguments.The student will address the opposing sides arguments. He/she will evaluate the arguments weaknesses, strengths and why he/she disagreed or agreed with the points that were made. 12 13 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS Learning Plan Analysis Formative assessments will include analyzing the collaborative efforts of the team, the behavior of each team during the presentation of the opposing teams arguments, how well each team member took on their role within their team, and how well the team incorporated textbook information, outside information, and special instructions from the teacher into theirargument.A summative assessment will include the teachers evaluation of the internet analysis/research paper, the one-page analysis of opposing teams argument, teachers evaluations of the strength of the arguments, and finally the popular vote (the results of youtube or school-based website). Weaknesses of this lesson plan include time constrai nts, and the many another(prenominal) assessments involved. It may be difficult to accurately assess how well each team members took on their roles. Some students may still be taking on more work than others. Also, incorporating ELL/IEP students proved to be a difficult task..Strength of the lesson is it fosters team work, analytical skills, and gives students more power in the direction and implementation of a lesson. The teacher will implement these varied assessments in its first year, and then will evaluate the effectiveness of these assessments for future classes. The learning theories applied in the first phase was Vygotzkys Cognitive Process. Students are witnessing two adults debating and they are expected to try to learn/imitate the behaviors of those adults. In the second 13 14 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS phase, social cognitive theory is at play.The teacher both models desired behaviors/outcomes, as well as emphasizes self-efficacy and self-regulation. In the thir d phase, constructivism is illustrated. The debate is student-driven because the students are demonstrating their constructed knowledge within the debate. The assessments have a behaviorist component. Negative reinforcement (decrease a behavior) is illustrated when the teacher warns students that if they are not respectful or a team member does not contribute meaningfully, then they may be marked down (Ormrod, 2008). References Anderson, L. W. , Krathwol, D. R. (2001) .A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing, 28-31. California Department of Education. (2013) California Common Core State Standards. http//www. cde. ca. gov/be/st/ss/documents/finalelaccssstandards. pdf Jenkins, H. , Clinton, K. , Purushotma, R. , Robison, A. J. , and Weigel, M. (2006). Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture Media Education for the 21st Century. Chicago, IL MacArthur Foundation. Ormrod, J. E. (2008). Educational Psychology Developing Learners, 8. 25-36. Teachers First. (2014) htt p//www. teachersfirst. com/gifted_strategies. cfm 14 15 LEARNING PLAN HISTORY DEBATE CLASS.

Kalabagh Dam And Hydroelectric Power In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Kalabagh dekametre And Hydro electric car Power In Pakistan Environmental Sciences EssayThe Kalabagh obstruct was one of the proposed shake offs in Pakistan when it comes to hydroelectric business leader plants in the democracy. The proposed Kalabagh dam was vatical to be built on Indus River. Government of Pakistan was the patronage authority in the gimmick. Mianwali District was selected as the proposed site of the dkmn exactly situated at Kalabagh. The land was close to the b hostel of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.The very inception of this project was controversial and different governments had a austere debate on the construction of this reservoir. It was finally in celestial latitude 2005 when, then global Pervez Musharraf, the President of Pakistan announced that Kalabagh dike bequeath be constructed for the wideer interest of Pakistan. He made several arrangements for the construction as intumesce during his regime.It was back in May 2008 when Raja Pervez Ash raf, the Federal Minister for Water and Power of Pakistan called off the Kalabagh Dam project. Raja Pervez Ashraf further rightful(prenominal)ified his decision by stating that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and different stakeholders involved in the project were opposing severely and it was non feasible. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Yousaf Raza Gilani stated in one of his interviews post the 2010 Flood that bleakness would contain been way less if Kalabagh Dam was constructed.Kalabagh Dam was a multi-purpose project in terms of nature and was evaluate to have a storage capability of 6.1 million acre feet (MAF). The project was expect to back the Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) that happened in 1991 according to which the irrigation system to provinces was to be streamlined. In addition to this, the objective of Kalabagh Dam was the availability of cheap hydropower. The National Grid was expecting a rise of 3600MW in the production capacity.Kalabagh Dam was supposed to take up 110,500 sq. Miles of Catchment area in the Kalabagh kingdom in District Mianwali. According to the statistical analysis, the location had a uttermost flood record of 1,200,200 cusecs of pee back in 1929. The average annual water supply flow at the location is found to be an enormous 91.4 MAF that best suits the location to be gamblinged into a Dam. Kalabagh Dam was a mega project with an expected gross capacity of 7.9 MAF and live capacity of 6.1 MAF.It was mean that Kalabagh Dam is going to have power units each generating 300MW, 12 in quantity with the turbine head fig of 170 feet. The complete powerhouse was an indoor one and the production in the initial phase was expected to be around 2400MW and ultimately rise to 3600MW in the running phase.The expected cost of this project back in 1997 was somewhat around Rs. 250 Billion when the US Dollar was floating at Rs. 45.Kalabagh Dam was planned for the greater interest of the bucolic and its resources. Pakistan being one of the blessed countries around the world has a potful of fresh water supplies round the year. The geography of this nation is hale suited for obturates and water storages both for storage purposes and power generation purposes. Kalabagh Dam was proposed for settling down the irrigation system and had hydropower potentials as well. The greatest advantage of Kalabagh dam was that it was rendering great results on an extremely affordable price tag.Kalabagh Dam was the least expensive multi-purpose solution to both the irrigation and power outages. Both the irrigation and power generation capacities of Pakistan were expected to rise considerably through the project. It was expected to be the second great irrigation system after the Indus Basin Project in the late mid-sixties with similar role of making a good belt down towards a unified national water resource development-cum-management system. The project was all set to start in 1980s and the project would have been in the working c ondition by 21st Century according to the technology back then.The controversy started ontogenesis from the very start of the project and blush wine from the province of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The controversies were all entirely based on lack of information or hear say. Thither were reservations in the minds of m either people around these provinces based on pure conservative thoughts. There were many revisions made in the initial phase in order to make it seem friendly to an average mind but that likewise, was of no use.LITERATURE REVIEWAs stated earlier, the construction of Kalabagh Dam triggered a great controversy amongst the four provinces of Pakistan. It was just Punjab that favored the project that is also the strongest province amongst the four. The other three provinces expressed their reservations and dissatisfaction on the project and their provincial assemblies passed resolution against the proposal. This places the project into the consideration phase for a lon g time until it was confirmed in 2005 and then spurned in 2008.WAPDA has already highlighted the fact that Pakistan is going to be veneer severe water shortage in the future if nonhing was done to create storages. The water availability in 1951 was as low as 5260 box-shaped meters while it fell to 1038 cubic meters in 2010 whereas the population was 34 million and 172 million respectively. According to statistics, the least to maintain the states of a water sufficient country is 1000+ cubic meters of water.There are even assumptions that the construction of dam is going to adversely affect the environment as well as any other large dam does. The construction might also displace a number of people from the site locations. The construction was planned to initiate in 1984 but didnt start even as yet.Punjabs Point of ViewPunjab is the only province in complete favor of the Kalabagh Dam as this project was expected to supply both water and hydro-electric power for a very nominal cost. Water demands in Punjab are also higher as the population here is great as compared to other parts of the country. The water that flows into the Arabian Sea is a pure waste for those living in Punjab where the water can be used to irrigate lands that are infertile.Punjab is in dire need of two dams by from just the Kalabagh Dam at Bhasha and Skardu. Kalabagh Dams site is best suited and this would have been built at the original place according to the needs of the province. The dam was best suited to irrigate Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar.Punjab is the province that get out be bear on to the maximum extent if the Kalabagh Dam is not built. The Water Treaty between Pakistan and India that initiated in 1960s set the royalty of Sutlej and diagonal into the hands of India. Ever since this treaty was signed, the Ravi, Sutlej and Bias are used only the season of floods when India needs to release water.Electricity produced by water is the cheapest amongst all that is produced by other resources. The province even hold that it is not going to claim any royalty despite the fact that the location of Kalabagh was situated in Punjab.Sindhs Point of ViewThe strongest of the opponents of Kalabagh Dam is Sindh on drive of stealth of water by Punjab. Sindh claims that Indus River belongs to it by virtue of the name and history. Sindh further claimed that the construction of Mangla and Tarbela was the greatest theft of water that was used for irrigation in Singh. Sindh raised remonstration on the share of Indus water that they receive. The claim was that Kalabagh Dam will irrigate Punjab and North-West Frontier Province.Sindh also claimed that the coastal areas of the province demand constant supplies of water into the Arabian Sea so that the water from the sea does not intrude into the land. This intruding would leave a lot of area of Sindh into saline desert that will come up as an environmental dilute. This will also destroy the coastal mangroves.The construction of Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam already turned the mighty Indus River turn into a stream post the Kotri Barrage in Hyderabad. They also justified that big dams cannot made on water that comes mainly from rain as it does not rain throughout the year. If there was no rain, Sindh didnt see any water post the Kotri Barrage. The location is said to be unsuitable for such a construction as there are numerous fractures on the lowest point of the valley.There were a number of other environmental problems that were not addressed in the past. Silt is the greatest of the issues that can cause water shortage affecting the capacity of Manchar Lake and Haleji Lake. The Sindhis were not convinced with the efforts of President Musharraf and the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz referring to the water theft that took place in 1991.Political Parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement who was in favor of General Musharraf and was ally in the Federal Assembly were severely opposing the theme of Kalabagh Dam. Parti es like PMLN retracted themselves from their stances stating that the Dam should be built for the greater interest of the country.Khyber Pakhtunkhwas Point of ViewKhyber Pakhtunkhwas point of view is pretty different from that of other provinces. Their setoff claim was that Punjab was never good at fulfilling promises. The province was not even credible for keeping up the constitutional guarantees. Another of their concern was with reference to the Ghazi-Barotha hydro electric power. They claim that the entire canal system of Ghazi-Barotha system run in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while the turbines lie 500 meters within the Punjab province but the royalty is rejected to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.The royalty of generation of Kalabagh dam became an issue even when the project was finalized as people living in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa expected the Federal Government to be dirty in giving royalty to the province instead expected them to go for the favor of Punjab. They also stated that the Nowshehra D istrict will be submerged by the dam and there will be even more region of the province being affected from water-logging and salinity.Balochistans Point of ViewBalochistan is not directly affected by the Kalabagh Dam rather there have been a number of nationalists Baloch Standards that consider that Punjab has been ruling the smaller provinces in the past.DISCUSSIONKalabagh dam has been a difference of opinion ever since the very idea was incepted. There have been severe opposition to the construction of Kalabagh Dam through all times from three Provinces of Pakistan and none apart from Punjab only have favored the construction of Kalabagh Dam. There were different grounds posed by other provincial governments justifying that Kalabagh Dam should not be constructed. General Pervez Musharraf, ex-president Pakistan had subtle plans to construct Kalabagh Dam in 2016 according to the feasibility report (Fulcher, 2006).The dam site close to Kohat region and the Khewra salt mines was con troversial from the very first day and the later(prenominal) was the largest operating salt mine around the world. There was a long risk that the salt will leach in huge quantities from the ranges into the river Indus and the overall hydrology of the region is going to change drastically. This came up as another(prenominal) great concern to the opponents who were not in the favor of Kalabagh Dam.The aforementioned literature revue has set a lot of things clear to us including the advantages and disadvantages of Kalabagh Dam. The Water and Power Development Authority has suggested that the total land that will be submerged as a result of Kalabagh Dam is around 14,000 hectares (Fulcher, 2006). There were certain independent assessments as well some of which went high up to a massive 74,000 hectares. The later assessments were all exaggerated and were meant for nothing but propaganda against the proposed developmental projects. Even the first part of the assessment did not account f or the land that will be swamp in case of a river flood occurrence. It even does not account for the land that will be taken up in case the aim of the river rose.The construction of Kalabagh Dam has a number of advantages apart from the few disadvantages too. There is no way that we can ignore the disadvantages but we can certainly appear for ways to reduce the impact. There are sanctiond distributed all across the country apart from the opponents. The major advocacy comes from the province of Punjab and from the technocrats of Khyber Pakhtoonkhuwah. They have a number of claims to advocate that Kalabagh Dam is going to assist the country getting rid of power and water shortage.The best advocacy lies in the water shortage. As mentioned above, Pakistan is moving towards a state where water scarcity is going to prevail and the possibility of one dam on the Indus River (Iyer, 2006) comes up as the best justification that sets Kalabagh Dam an big project. It is not only agricultur e that Kalabagh Dam is associated with but also electricity. There has been a serious power shortage for years now and the most discriminate solution to the shortage is hydroelectric power that Pakistan has the potential of generating at a very reasonable price. The manufacturing sector of the country needs Kalabagh Dam for the power issue for a sustainable progress of the country (Khan, 2009).Mangla Dam, Tarbela Dam, Chashma Barrage were excellent projects that provided Pakistan with water for irrigation and power at the same place but the siltation process has caused a lot of volume deficit. The sedimentation in the dam cannot be dealt with until or unless an alternative is built and the best alternative perhaps is Kalabagh Dam. Kalabagh Dam will come up as an addition storage volume that will meet the water deficiency in the early Kharif period ranging from the months of April-June. This has a critical value for the cotton plant crop growing in Sindh. The Kalabagh Dam, on the whole will allocate water according to the WAA-1991 and will regulate high flood risks in the Indus river as well as producing Hydro-Power to power the whole of Pakistan (Khokhar, 2008).In times when Tarbela was not build, the annual average water escape was 38 Million Acre Feet below Kotri that rose to 64 later on. With the construction of Kalabagh Dam, this can be brought back to 32MAF (Al-Khobar, 2011). Another 26MAF out of this 32 can be easily controlled and utilized to bring the back areas of Pakistan into use by using the national water resources development approach.The primary energy source of Pakistan is oil and gas where the demand oil and gas in the country is estimated to be around 51 million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) (The Nations, 2010). Pakistan is producing 34 million TOE annually while the deficit is met through imports primarily. As an alternative to this, the large scale hydropower incorporated with a multi-purpose storage can help reduce the cost of electri c supply within the reach of a standard consumer.The best part of Kalabagh Dam is the addition of 2400 MW of electric power to the National Grid in the early phase and ultimately rising to 3600 MW installed power (WAPDA). This will greatly reduce the load shedding issue that the country is facing as of now with the industry and production going in serious debt.A neutral debate will get in a lot more then this into account and one can find another set of advantages of Kalabagh Dam for the prosperity and integrity of this country. The greatest of them is a reduced dependency on imported fuels that accounts for a huge sum of our foreign reserve. Kalabagh Dam can ensure economic prosperity of Pakistan if the project is handled with care. It also produces employment for 30,000 individuals around the country during the construction phase and there will be a lot more who will be employed after the project is commissioned.Construction price is another concern for Government of Pakistan whil e the direct benefits from Kalabagh dam suggest that the dam will pay 25 billion per annum therefore accounting for the whole investment in 9-10 years (Khokhar, 2008). The energy generated at Kalabagh Dam is expected to be around 20 million barrels of oil annually. This will help cutting short the import budget as well as the transportation and handling charges that are charged for processing the imported oil.Apart from the economic point of view, the Kalabagh Dam Project has several social benefits too out of which settling down of the grievance from Southern Punjab are the greatest of all. Kalabagh Dam is going to irrigate major parts of Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar therefore a major grievance from the region will be settled down itself. In addition, Punjab province does not claim any royalty on the generation of resources from Kalabagh Dam, it is just the deficiency of trust that does not let this project happen.CONCLUSIONPakistan is into a state where the deficiencies are at its peaks. Pakistan has long been known as an agricultural country and agriculture is not possible without irrigation. The current situation is moving rapidly towards water scarcity therefore causing serious harm to the agricultural sector of Pakistan. In addition to that, the electric power generation sources have all been exhausted. Even Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam have moved into the last stages of their lives, the need of Kalabagh Dam this minute is critical to meet the needs of both irrigation and power.There are numerous disadvantages of the construction of Kalabagh Dam that has raised a serious opposition from other parts of the country mainly from Khyber Pakhtoonkhuwah and Sindh Provinces. The overall opposition has been propagated so well that the common man living in these regions talks about the disadvantages of Kalabagh Dam and not about the advantages. This is not just it Punjab has long been known as the powerful dictating province that is another serious hindrance in the c onstruction of Kalabagh Dam.Kalabagh Dam, once constructed will render a number of advantages to the country both socially and economically cutting short the power deficit that prevails in the country. I am posing in dark this minute due to power shortage here in Pakistan and there is no solution that seems to be apart from construction of hydroelectric power that is both cheap and convenient..

Tiny Encryption Algorithm Tea Computer Science Essay

Tiny Encryption algorithmic program Tea Computer Science examineToday, certificate is an issue concern by everyone. Many ways of implementing encoding algorithms receive been investigated in social club to achieve better per dupeance in scathe of security level, speed, power inlet and cost. This bulge depart discuss about implementing Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) development Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). FPGA be reconfigurable chips that the coordinated circuit is designed meant for reconfigurable architecture. A FPGA chips is programmed using Hardware Description diction (HDL). TEA is an enterion algorithm or block cipher that apprizevas fast, easy and utilise for some application. In this project, TEA will be implemented on Altera Cyclone II FPGA using Altera DE1 dialog box. bring up circuit board using PS2 or the SWITCH on the DE1 will be utilise as input. The output of the encryption and decoding data will be show on VGA monitor. The encrypted dat a will be store in memory.Specific ObjectivesIn order to complete this project, in that location are few objectives have to be archieve.Program the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) using verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language)Verifying the functionality of the implementation of the encryption in FPGAPerform simulation for timing analysis and the encryption process on the implementation of Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) in FPGAExperiment and test the project in practicalLiterature ResearchCryptographyBefore the modern era, security communication is the primary concern in Government and Military2. Security communication become to a greater extent important today as a result of the increase use of the electronic communication for many daily activities such as internet banking, online shopping. Cryptography is a practical way of conveying information firmly 1. The main aim of cryptography is to allow authorized person to receive the pass on correctly succession preventing eave sdroppers understanding the content of the message 1. The original message is called plain school text t1. Plaintext will be encrypted using certain algorithms in the secure system in order to hide the meaning1. The output of this reversible mathematical process is called ciphertext and the algorithm used in this process is called cipher 1. Ciphertext jakes be transmitted securely because ideally eavesdroppers that access to the ciphertext wont understand what the meaning is behind 1. The lift of this mathematical process is to decrypt the ciphertext back to plaintext and this only can be done by the original recipients 1. The processes of encryption and decipherment are shown in augur 1.EavesdropperPlaintextEncryptionCiphertextPlaintextDecryption blueprint 1EncryptionThere are ii types of encryption or cipher depends on the name used noninterchangeable primeval and Symmetric key.Symmetric key The encryption and decryption process use the same key 1. The major problems and drawback of this key both sender and manslayer must know the key prior to the transmissions 1. If the key is transmitted then it will compromise the systems security 1. The advantages of symmetric key is the process of encryption and decryption will be faster compare to asymmetric key, in an another(prenominal) words it can encrypt or decrypt more data in shorter period of time 1.Asymmetric key The encryption and decryption process use assorted key alone both of the key are link up mathematically 1. It is very firmly to obtain one from the other although they are mathematically related 1. The public key is used for the encryption process and the closed-door key is used for the decryption process 1. The security of the system wont be compromised even though the public key is made available but the corresponding private key cannot be revealed to anyone 1.Symmetric keySymmetric key is further divided into two types Symmetric Cipher and exclude Cipher. shoot Cipher Stream ciph er that generates a keystream (a sequence of bits used as a key) 4. The encryption process is usually done by combining the keystream with plaintext using bitwise XOR operation 4. Keystream that generated is independent of the plaintext and ciphertext is called synchronous stream cipher while keystream that is generated is depent of plaintext is called self-synchronizing stream cipher 4.Block Cipher Stream cipher that generates a keystream encrypt stock-still length block of plaintext into block ciphertext that is same length 3. The fix length is called block size. Block Cipher using same secret key for the encryption and decryption process 3. Usually, the size of block cipher is 64 bits 3. By increasing the size of block cipher to 128 bits will make the mainframe computers become more sophisticated 3.Stream Cipher vs Block CipherStream cipher is a type of symmetric encryption algorithm that can be designed to be exceptionally fast and even much faster compare to block cipher 4. Stream ciphers normally process on less bits while block ciphers can process large blocks of data 4. Plaintext that encrypted using block cipher will result in the same ciphertext when the same key is used 4. With a stream cipher, the transformation of thse smaller plaintext units will vary depending on when they are encountered during the encryption process 4.Stream CipherBlock CipherBlock SizeDependsFixedEncryption/Decryption SpeedFastSlowerSize of block data can be processSmall largerFigure 2 Comparison of Stream Cipher and Block CipherFigure 3 below shows opposite type of algorithmtable.jpgFigure 3 incompatible type of encryption algorithmTiny Encryption Algorithm is implemented in this project because it is one type of cipher encryption algorithm that encrypt 64 bits of plaintext using a 128 bits of key into a 64 bits ciphertext.TEATiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a Feistel type routine designed by David J. Wheeler and Roger M. Needham. It used addition and subtraction as t he reversible operators 5. XOR and ADD alternately used in the routine provide nonlinearity 5. The Dual bit sack in the routine cause all the bits and data mixed repeatedly 5. The three XOR, ADD and SHIFT operation will provide Shannons properties of diffusion and disorderliness necessary for a secure block cipher without the need for P-boxes and S-boxes 6. TEA is a feistel cipher that split the plaintext into halves 7. A sub key will be applied to the one half of plaintext in the round function, F 8. Then the output of the F will be XOR with other half in front the two halves are swapped 8. each same patterns applied to the entire round except the last round where there is often no swap 8. Figure 2 below show a Feistel cipher diagram where 64 bits of plaintext is divided into halves which are equally 32 bits each part. 128 bits of key is used for the encryption and decryption process and it is spitted into 32 bits subkey 7.TEA.pngFigure 4 Two Fiestal round(one cycle) of TEAThe encryption and decryption routine of Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) written in C language 5.void encrypt (uint32_t* v, uint32_t* k, uint32_t* v1) uint32_t v0=v0, sum=0, i /* set up */uint32_t delta=0x9e3779b9 /* a key schedule constant */uint32_t k0=k0, k1=k1, k2=k2, k3=k3 /* cache key */for (i=0 i sum += deltav0 += ((v15) + k1)v1 += ((v05) + k3) /* end cycle */v0=v0 v1=v1void decrypt (uint32_t* v, uint32_t* k, uint32_t* v1) uint32_t v0=v0, sum=0xC6EF3720, i /* set up */uint32_t delta=0x9e3779b9 /* a key schedule constant */uint32_t k0=k0, k1=k1, k2=k2, k3=k3 /* cache key */for (i=0 iv1 -= ((v05) + k3)v0 -= ((v15) + k1)sum -= delta /* end cycle */v0=v0 v1=v15delta is derived from the golden number wheredelta =ArchitecturesUntitled.jpgFigure 5 TEA architecturesTEA is implemented using three different architectures. The first architecture (Figure 3a) is a multiple 32 bit adders that simultaneously set operations needed for one encryption cycle 6. This parallel form structure should be quite large in terms of hardware area but will behave faster 6. On the other hands, in order to reduce the area, the second architecture (Figure 3b) performs operations sequentially using a single 32 bit adder 6. The last design (Figure 3c) is a 8 bit digit- consequent adders that use advance architecture offered by application-specific hardware solution 6. The latter two design are meant for low area solutions but in terms of control and data selection, the effectiveness remain confirmed 6.Software vs Hardware Implementation of EncryptionImplementation of encryption using bundle is easier to design and upgrade, it also portable and flexible 7. One of the major problems of software program implementation is in most typical personal computer have impertinent memory out from the processor, the foreign memory is used to store raw data or instruction in unencrypted form so if an attacker gain access to the system, the key can be easier obtained 7. One of the most common way used by the attacker is bruteforce, a special program can be easily design to bruteforce the algorithm. Besides this, reverse engineering method easier to apply on software implementation. So it can be concluded that software implementation is lack of physical security7.Implementation of encryption using hardware by naturally is physically more secure as they are hard to read and view by attacker 7. Another advantage of hardware implementation is all the data in the encryption process is correlated agree to an algorithm which usually perform operation on same data 7. This will prevent computer technique such as out of order execution and cause hang to the system 7. Hardware implementation also tend to be more parallel so more orders of magnitudes can be done at certain period of time 7.Hardware implementation is will be better picking for encryption in terms of carrying into action but the cost of implementation is higher compare to software implementation. Higher security level and better performance is the main concern in this project, so the encryption will be implemented on FPGA, one of the hardware implementation method.Microcontroller, Microprocessor, DSP Processor and FPGAMicroprocessorThe first microprocessors invented in the 1970s 10. This is the first time where such an amazing devices put a computer CPU onto a single IC 10. The significant processing was available at rather low cost, in comparatively small space 10. At beginning stage, all other functions, like input/output interfacing and memory were outside the microprocessor 10. Gradually all the other functions in embedded into a single chip 10. At the same time, microprocessor becoming more powerful in terms on the speed, power consumption and so on 10. Microprocessor is moving rapidly from 8 bits to 32 bits 10.MicrocontrollerA microcontroller is an inexpensive single-chip computer 9. The entire computer system lies within the confines of the integrated circuit chip, so it is called a single chi p computer 9. The microcontroller on the encapsulated sliver of silicon has features similar to those personal computers 9. Mainly, the microcontroller is able to store and run a program 9. The microcontroller contains a CPU (central processing unit), ROM (random-access memory), RAM (random-access memory), Input/Output lines, and oscillator, serial and parallel ports 9. Some more advanced microcontroller also have other built in peripherals such as A/D (analog-to-digital) converter 9.DSP (Digital Signal Processing) ProcessorDSP processor is a specialized microprocessor optimized to process digital subscribe 1213. Most of the DSP processors are commonly designed to have basic features such as high performance, repetitive and numerically intensive tasks so DSP processor often have advantage in terms of speed, cost and energy efficiency 11. DSP processor have the avility to perform one or more work out accumulate operations (often called MACs) in a single instruction cycle 14.FPGA (F ield Programmable Gate Array)Xilinx Co-Founders, Ross Freeman and Bernard Vonderschmitt, invented the first commercially viable field programmable gate soldiery in 1985 the XC2064. FPGA is integrated circuit for reconfigurable purposes by user after manufacturer. FPGA is generally specified using Hardware Description language (HDL). FPGA can be programmed to perform logic function and due to this ability, FPGA become more popular. Using FPGA for design can lower non recurring Engineering cost and apply on many application.Hardware Architectures comparisonThe figure 6 below show the comparison of different architectures used for hardware implementation on encryption.ArchitectureEfficiency processNon recurring Engineering CostUnit CostMicroprocessorLowLowLowLowMicrocontrollerLowLowLowLowDSP processor gibeModerateLowModerateFPGAHighHighLowHighFigure 6 Architectures ComparisonComparing the four architectures above, FPGA have the advantage in terms of the efficiency Performance but the unit cost is high. Since costing is not a major concern in this project, so FPGA is better choice for implementing Tiny Encryption Algorithm.Altera DE1 Development and Education BoardAltera DE1 is a FPGA Development and Education Board that will be used for this project 17. Below is the features of this boardDE1_intro_500x.pngFigure 7 Altera DE1 BoardAltera Cyclone II 2C20 FPGA with 20000 LEsAltera Serial Configuration deivices (EPCS4) for Cyclone II 2C20USB Blaster built in on board for programming and user API imperiousJTAG Mode and AS Mode are back up8Mbyte (1M x 4 x 16) SDRAM4Mbyte Flash Memory512Kbyte(256Kx16) SRAMSD Card Socket4 Push- push successores10 DPDT leafes8 green User LEDs10 Red User LEDs4 Seven-segment LED displays50MHz oscillator ,24MHz oscillator ,27MHz oscillator and external clock sources24-bit CD-Quality Audio CODEC with line-in, line-out, and microphone-in jacksVGA DAC (4-bit R-2R per channel) with VGA out connectorRS-232 Transceiver and 9-pin connectorPS /2 mouse/keyboard connectorTwo 40-pin Expansion HeadersDE1 Lab CD-ROM which contains many examples with source codeSize153*153 mmThere are few features of DE1 Board will be used for this project.PS/2 mouse/keyboard connectorPS/2 keyboard is used as input for the plaintext4 Push button switchesused as a reset buttonVGA DAC (4-bit R-2R per channel) with VGA out connectorVGA monitor is connected to the DE1 board to show the input of plaintext and the output of the encryption, cipher text4Mbyte Flash MemoryUsed to store the ciphertextVGA controllerIBM introduce video display standard called VGA (video graphics array) in the late 1980s that widely supported by PC graphics hardware and monitors 18.Figure 8 Simplified Block Diagram of VGA dominanceThe vga_sync circuit generates timing and synchronization signals 18. The hsync and vsync signals are connected to the VGA port to control the horizontal and vertical scans of the monitor 18. Two signals which are pixel_x and pixel_y are decode d from the internal counters 18. The pixel_x and pixel_y signals indicate the relative positions of the scans and essentially specify the location of the up-to-date pixel 18. Videl_on signal is generated from vga_sync to check whether the display is enable or disable 18. The pixel generation circuit generate three video signal which is RGB signal 18. The current coordinates of the pixel (pixel_x and pixel_y), external control and data signals determine the color value 18.PS/2 ControllerIBM introduced PS2 port in personal computers 18. It is a widely used interface for keyboard and mouse to communicate with the host 18. PS2 port consists of two wires for communication purposes 18. One wire for transmitting data in serial stream while another wire is for the clock information which determine when the data is valid and can be retrieved 18. The data is transmitted in 11 bit packet that contains 8 bits of data, an odd parity bit and stop bit 18.Figure 9 Timing Diagram of a PS/2 portQuar tus II Web EditionQuartus II Web Edition design software is a comprehensive environment available for system-on-a-programmable-chip (SOPC) design demonstrable by Altera 19. This software is used in this project to program and implement the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) on Altera DE1 Cyclone II FPGA 19. This program also can be used for the simulation and timing analysis 19.Hardware Description Language (HDL)Hard description language (HDL) is a type of programming languages used to program and describe digital logic or electronic circuits 20. It can describe circuit operation, its design and organization 20. Figure 10 below shows different type of Hardware Description Language commonly used.HDLSyntax SimilarityAHDLAda programming LanguageVHDLAda Programming LanguageJHDL deep brownVerilogC Programming LanguageFigure 10 Different type of HDLVerilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) is used to program the FPGA in this project because it is a widely used HDL and it syntax is simila r the C programming language.MethodologyBlock DiagramVGA MonitorPS/2 KeyboardVGA ControllerPlaintextTEA Encryption CoreFlash Memory64 BitsCiphertextPS/2 ControllerKey128 Bits64 BitsEncryption/DecryptionAcknowledgeKey Update RequestBusyAsynchronous ResetClockFigure 11 Core ModuleThe Blog Diagram above explains the design of this project. PS/2 keyboard used as input for the plaintext. All the data from the PS/2 keyboard will be sent into PS/2 controller to process. The process data, 128 Bits or key or 64 Bits of plaintext will sent into the TEA encryption core for encryption. The output of the encryption, ciphertext will store inside the flash memory. All the plaintext and cipher text will send into VGA controller to process and show on the CRT monitor. The encryption/decryption will be connected to the DPDT switch to switch between encryption or decryption mode. Key Update Request also connected to the DPDT switch for the purpose of updating the key when the switch is on. Asynchrono us reset is connected to the push button for the reset purpose. There are internal clock inside the DE1 board so no external clock is needed for this project.Algorithm and Implementation VerificationThe original Tiny Encryption Algorithm C source code by the author will be compiled or get a compiled viable program from other source to analyze the encryption of plaintext to ciphertext and decryption of ciphertext back to plaintext. A set of plaintext, ciphertext and key can generated from the program as a reference and compare with the encryption and decryption output implemented on FPGA.Figure 12 is an example of compiled executable program of Tiny Encryption Algorithm by Andreas JonssonTEA.jpgFigure 12Costing EstimationComponentsQuantityPriceAltera De1 Board 171RM 512.84Used 15 Samsung SyncMaster CRT monitor1RM50.00Used PS/2 Keyboard1RM10.00TotalRM572.84Gantt Chartganchart.jpgResearch analysis will be start from calendar week 6 till week 8. Verilog coding on the implementation of TEA and module and test bench verification this 2 task must perform parallel because after finish a certain module, it should be test and simulate. If simulation or test is done after finish the whole coding, there will be a big problem in debugging the error. The synthesis of PS/2 keyboard, VGA monitor and FPGA start week 20 just before finish the coding. The functionality verification task also runs parallel with the synthesis optimization task.References and FiguresFiguresFigure 4 Tiny Encryption Algorithm .Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm (Accessed 30 October 2009)Figure 5 Israsena. P, Design and Implementation of Low Power Hardware Encryption for Low Cost Secure RFID Using TEA . Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2005 5th International Conference on 0-0 0 Page(s)1402 1406, DOI 10.1109/ICICS.2005.1689288. Available athttp//ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1689288isnumber=35625 (Accessed 26 October 2009)Figure 7 Available athttp//www.terasic.com.tw/cgi-bin/page/archive.pl?Language=EnglishNo=83( Accessed 28 October 2009)Figure 8 Pong P. Chu (2008) FPGA Prototyping by Verilog Examples John Wiley SonsFigure 9 Pong P. Chu (2008) FPGA Prototyping by Verilog Examples John Wiley Sons

Sigmund Freud: Criminals From a Sense of Guilt

Sigmund Freud Criminals From a Sense of GuiltSigmund Freud Criminals From a Sense of GuiltIntroduction The article I sustain elect for my critical analysis is Criminals from A Sense of Guilty by Sigmund Freud (1914-1916). This critical review will look at the theory of Freuds psychoanalytic ideas of the relationship mingled with the individual behaviours and the social world in connection with a offensive. This reading is about the nonion of unconscious(p) and moxie of felonious. Freud introduces a distinctive, an important feature in the social theory which is Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a psychological perspective which investigates the interaction of the conscious and unconscious elements in mind. Freud offered explanations of how unconscious thoughts internalised as well as he addressed about the rationality and irrationality in the human actions what is going on in their minds. This topic is quite distinctive from the rest of the previous topic we learnt so far whi ch were theories of social life, society and sociological perspective as well as ideology. This topic focuses on irrationality and the guilty consciousness/ unconscious. Freud explains this subject as that the existence of feeling guilt conscious in the mind of the individual is present all the time. Freud tried to understand in his proficiency on the perseveration of human mind in distinctive ways. It also looks at the different behaviours of individuals and how individual argon prone to criminals due to their sense of guilt.Main bodyIn the front passage, Freud states that his patients, those committed crimes were struggling from an oppressive feeling of guilt. Freud initiated on his article to talk about his regular observation of his patients in his care, and how often they provide their wrong of prohibited misdeeds they committed objet dart in his care and afterwards.The short coming of this text is the author depends on his experience of his clients, instead of providing an empirical data. For stance, in the first paragraph, he indicated that early as ahead and after puberty, those in his care were committing misdeeds, but did not give exact age groups neither categories. He did not provide the number of people he treated and observed. T presentfore, he did not offer a date to support the validity of piece. It is also not urinate if he was given consent from his patients to share this information due to confidentiality reasons. This is be stick he does not discuss confidentiality and anonymity in his article.According to him, these crimes were committed by his patients while they were quite young in almost cases. Offences committed at the time were theft, fraud and arson. He stressed that crime is committed due to its nature of prohibition, which he believes it gives psychological relief to the individuals. Freud also believes some of this individual are suffering the burden of guilt and the oppressed feeling inside them from childhood, therefore , perfuming such misdeed is assign to something deep (p. 332).This lacks clarification of the sense of feeling Guilt and what caused them to feel this guilt was limited in his explanation. I do not agree with Freuds claims that individuals feel a sense of guilt before they commit a crime. Whereas, I believe an individual can have sense of guilt after committing a crime because the individual know the consequences that comes with committing a crime. From the humiliation and isolation that comes along with the punishment.However, I do agree with Freuds claims that guilt is an internal feeling. Nonetheless, it is only after an incident takes stupefy which could be subjected to fine or imprisonment. This is because these punishments draw in individuals worry about their actions which could then lead to a sense of guilt. In my opinion, I can feel guilty when I failed to follow the absolute law or commit crime/ sin, or any disobedience which is punishable. in that locationfore, I beli eve that the idea of guilt should join to a violation of rights.Freuds theory talks about the development of criminal personality can be due to the way of a child had been brought up from an early age. The experience of early childhood could be one of the reasons that many children lead to developing a criminal personality when they become older. Therefore, Freud emphasised his patients had a past emotions manifested deep in their minds. I may agree to some point. However, many children grew and develop their mental qualification and get over their past experiences, and some may affect them badly. Furthermore, in his period people may did have the sources and service that is available for many people today.The second elements of the reading on the fourthly passages, obscure of a sense of guilt drived from Oedipus complex (p. 332). He claims the consequence of investigative work of human sense of guilt in general as a result is derived from the Oedipus complex and was a reaction to the two great criminal intentions of killing the breed and having sexual relations with the mother (p. 332-333). This indicates how the child perceives the father as punishment figure inside him. The childs anxiety develops and his anger toward the father. Its way of showing a sense of strain within the household and the power of the father. Therefore, the pressure is already present in the house before thinking the social constraint in general. As a result of the sense of guilt is derived from here and this is the fundamental morality of humankind.Likewise, Freud had no evidence to back up his study. His claim is vague to me on how a child can have that capacity of a hate or love. Furthermore, children cannot develop sense of sexuality at this early stage particularly towards their parental mother.Freud was educating us about the psychological perspectives and its factors which drives individuals to commit crimes. However, in his observation it showed significant elements of p sychological factors link with early delinquencies experiences. However, there is not enough evidence to back his claims of the factors which drive individuals to commit crimes. This is because he does not talk about the therapy treatment in which his patients had undergone. He also did not pinpoint nor highlight the prevention strategies in his article which could prevent them to commit such crimes.In conscious phantasy, because they already feel they are attacked and got hurt in their mind, and they use their mechanism defence, and what aver action is taking by these people to hurt others make them feel relieved. Therefore, this burden of guilt inside them, got them relieved by acting out this phantasy. According to Freud, the real punishment which is already inside them is agonising them before acting out.The third significant claim in the text is Pale criminality. Freud sat out the psychoanalysis interpretation of pale criminal (p.333), it is the principle of unconscious phantas y, the mental thinking and activity which is unique for those who have sense of guilt and drives to commit crime and desire for a punishment. However, they got relieved by acting out.Furthermore, he concluded his piece saying Let us leave it to leave it to future research to decide (p.333), this undermines the value of his work and shows he had a sense that his study needed improvement and correction of his mis existation. Nonetheless, the author seems he did not fully achieve his intended goal as he left it for future. The samples and categories are not clear and the method used to arrive such conclusions. This shows his study is not broad. It is only in his clients which even lacks the number of people he treated. Furthermore, it is what his patients sensible him its not shown if he conducted a academic research.In the absence of adequate detail, Freud lacks the depth in its explanation of this article. It is extremely difficult to assess the reliability of his studies and outcom e. There is some ambiguity regarding the validity of his research, and some of the cases he observed as well as the conclusions he reached. Not only had he talked about childhood experiences and how past emotion drove people. Freud also explained human mind is so simple which lacks concrete.ConclusionTo conclude that Freuds theory is known the unconscious mind, and his intention was to represent the criminal from sense of guilt. Some of the cases Freud investigates didnt specify how he carried out his research. Some of them informed about their misdeed and their sense of which driven to commit a crime, which didnt have conscious. Even though young people grew and leave some infantile sentiment behind, and some grew with the emotionals. As people grew older they develop mental capacity and throughout they learn from wrong and right. However, some people may commit crime for different reasons due to being a hedonistic or mental disorder. Therefore, the people he treated was not clear what type of people and what condition they were suffering, was it some sort of mental disorder which either be treatable or section for public protection.My suggestion on this piece is it needs more research to be done based on the sense of guilt cause of the crime. Even though, Freuds experiments based on only some cases, however, psychoanalysis created useful elements which are useful in the criminal justice system to some extent which is prominent even though is helpful but yet not reliable hundred percent.

The Awakening Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout The Awakening, Kate Chopin conveys her ideas by using carefully crafted symbols that reflect her characters thoughts and futures. One of the most important of these symbols, the bird, appears constantly, interwoven in the story to provide an insight to the condition of Ednas and her struggle. At each of the three stages of her struggle, birds foreshadow her actions and emphasize the actions importance while the birds physical state provides an accurate tax of that of Ednas. Early in the novel, while Edna attempts to escape from societys strong grasp, birds emphasize her entanglement by forecasting her actions and monitor her development by reflecting her feelings. The novel opens with the image of a bird, trapped and unable to communicate "a green and yellow parrot, which hung in the cage outside the door...could speak a little Spanish, and also a wording that nobody understood" (1). Like the bird, Edna feels trapped and believes that society has imprisoned her. Her marriage to Mr. Pontellier suffocates her and keeps her from being free. At the same time, she remains shut apart from society comparable the bird in the cage, and different ideas and feelings prevent her from communicating. The only person in society that begins to understand her, Robert, eventually decides that he must remain a outgrowth of society instead of staying with her. He says that "you Edna were not free you were Leonce Pontelliers wife" and that "Robert ...