Saturday, August 31, 2019

Importance, Highlights of the 20th Century English Literature

The Importance of the 20th Century Literature The dawning of a new century marked a distinct change in the style and subjects of literature. Rural, agrarian lifestyles were fast becoming a thing of the past as industrialization made factory work the norm, and many people began to feel isolated despite living in big cities. Writers who identified as â€Å"modernists† reflected this new sense of isolation and displacement in their works. The entire Western world was also deeply affected by the devastation of World Wars I and II, and writers responded by evaluating humanity's seemingly boundless inhumanity.Women and minority voices became more prominent in the 1930s and beyond, further expanding the canon. The Beat Generation began in the late 1940s and writers reflected the growing trend of anti-conformist thought. By centuries end, Generation X writers were inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall and the decline of imperialism but were often seen as cynical and self-serving. Th e material, intellectual and social advancements of this century, has led to literary pieces made in the 21st century.There will no doubt be lasting effects from the twentieth century that will surely have a direct influence on the political, social and interpersonal relationships that develop from now on. The use of the label â€Å"Celtic fringe† as applied to non-English, or traditionally non-English-speaking, territories to marginalise these cultures is now analysed as a colonial attitude, and literatures of Ireland, Scotland and Wales may be studied through the methodology of postcolonialism.But a legacy of Britishness also survives around the world: a shared history of British presence and cultural influence in the Commonwealth of Nations has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages, known as Commonwealth literature. The year 1922 marked a significant changed in the relationship between Britain and Ireland, with the setting up of the Irish Free State in t he predominantly Catholic South, while the predominantly Protestant Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom.This separation also leads to questions as to what extent Irish writing prior to 1922 should be treated as a colonial literature. Nationalist movements in other parts of Britain, especially Wales and Scotland, also significantly influenced writers in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. During the 20th Century, much advancement and change occurred throughout English Literature. All of the works we studied from this period were heavily influenced by current events in the world.The writers all examined the world around them and tried to express it through their writings. The three things that weave a common thread throughout all 20th Century English Literature are global warfare, radical artistic experimentation, and the effects of colonial expansion. The first point of global warfare is an easily identifiable and widespread one. All of the poetry we examined w as centered around warfare and the effects of it on those involved. Sources: http://www. enotes. com/topics/century-literature http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/British_literature

Friday, August 30, 2019

The Paradox of the California Dream

â€Å"More gold has been mined from the thoughts of men than has been taken from the earth. † – Napoleon Hill Dreaming something is very different than trying to accomplish it. The famed author Napoleon Hill puts it so wisely: many more people dream and try to become rich and successful than the small percentage that actually accomplish that goal. In the article â€Å"California: A place, A People, A Dream,† James Rawls argues that the California dream consists of five main factors. These factors are Health, Romance, Opportunity and Success, Warmth and Sunshine, and Freedom.People come from all over the world to live this dream, which sometimes turns into a nightmare instead. Based on texts such as The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, The Republic of East L. A. , by Luis J. Rodriguez, California travel guides, and others, the California dream is perceived and lived differently by different people. The California dream is not how it seems; it is a paradox to the l ower class but a reality for the wealthy. The California dream changes drastically depending on your level of income. As we see in the majority of Luis J.Rodriguez's stories, opportunity and success is what lower class families are focused on. â€Å"Pigeons† is about a young, poor couple who are doing whatever it takes to support their family. â€Å"Although apprentices were called oil greasers†¦ it was a Job that promised up to 15 dollars an hour within two years†¦ What more could a young, poor, married couple living in East L. A. ask for? † (109). For a typical poor couple like that, Jobs like these are very common. For them, the California dream is being able to support a family and live happily.While this can be thought of as a dream, it is what is expected everywhere and is not unique to California in any way. If you compare this definition to Rawls' definition, it is nowhere near the full California dream. In fact, it is only one fifth of it, which does n't really make it a dream. In contrast, the California dream changes a lot for upper and some middle class families. For wealthy families, all of James Rawls' five factors play into the picture when deciding to move to California or not. Romance, Warmth and Sunshine, andHealth are all added benefits that California has. These added benefits are some of the main things that wealthy people are focused on. Being wealthy, they most likely have or had some sort of well paying Job/source of income, inheritance, etc. The climate, health, and Romance of California are not things that a single person can control. They are more or less unique to California and very attractive to people with disposable income. California Travel guides are generally directed towards the upper class. â€Å"California Dreaming?Travel deals to Los Angeles, San Francisco and San Diego,† is a travel guide for wealthy people out of state. It highlights some of the main things people think of when they think o f California. â€Å"Want to feel like a celebrity while you are at it? Indulge in a spa day at the Beverly Hills Plaza Hotel and Spa($99, a low by $101; expires June 29). † While this sounds attractive to many people in all financial classes, the question is if someone can afford it without losing a meal or electricity for their family. Unfortunately, many lower class people cannot.Too often, neducated, lower class families come to California with the dream of living a lavish lite like the wealthy; this is a tar tetcned dream. California's lofty cost of living makes it hard for a lot of people to think of living here as a dream. With California housing prices two times the national median, it takes much perseverance that many people think isn't worth living in the new, overcrowded California. Maribel Vazquez Lemus is one of those people. In an article published on CNN, she talks about her situation. â€Å"[she] skips two meals a day so she can afford to feed her kids†¦S he wants to move East–perhaps out of the state–so she can find better employment and lower rent. Right now she pays $400 for a single bedroom in someone elses house. She and her two daughters all sleep together in that room. † Believe it or not this is quite a common situation for young families. The amount of single parents are growing at a constant rate, adding to the difficulties of raising one or more children. In a recent study done by the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA), the cost of raising a child is the highest it has ever been. The verage middle-class family who had a child in 2011 will shell out $234,900 to keep it fed and a roof over its head for the next 17 years†between $12,290 and $14,320 per year. † This is one fifth of the $51 ,017 national median income and it has to be over two fifth with two kids. By moving somewhere else where the cost of living is much cheaper, like Maribel Vazquez Lemus wants to, this number can be reduced significantly. With California being the most populous state since 1970(1970 California Census)–and the population still rising–the cost of living has nothing else o do but rise as well.The California dream is a paradox; an idea that is very attractive thinking about it, but very opposite living it. California is perceived as the place to make easy money, meet a partner, and get a tan. These things simply aren't realistic. It is Just as hard, if not harder to earn a living in California. And the inflation Just adds to the trouble. We see this example of the paradox of the California Dream is The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, when living in California is much different than the main character, Baba, anticipated. Baba loved the idea of America.It was living in america that gave him an Clearly, living in Fremont, CA did not live up to their expectations. At all. Hearing so many positive things about it, they don't know how they can be experiencing these negativ e things such as the the lack of trust. â€Å"No one trusts anybody! † Baba says. Later in the book, we see more negative reasons why the state is not living up to expectations. â€Å"The Bay Area's smog stung his eyes, the traffic noise gave him headaches, and the pollen made him cough. The fruit was never sweet nough, the water never clean enough, and where were all the trees and open fields? (l). More and more things that seem like they should all be here but clearly aren't. At the moment Baba and his son are very disappointed, as are many other people that came to California to live the dream but have failed to get that opportunity. Maybe the paradox stems from the old California. From the 1970's when the California dream for all classes, not Just the upper class, was actually a realistic thing. Or maybe it stems from the countless celebrities such as Steve Jobs and Tiger Woods ho nave emerged trom Calitornia.Either way, the old Calitornia dream, where an overwhelming nu mber of people came to California with nothing and left with something, is dying out. Whether it is because of the decline in education, the high cost of living, or the unrealistic perception that outsiders have on California, the old dream is being replaced by new, tougher times in California. The California Gold Rush days are long gone. Getting rich so easily Just does not happen anymore. Luck is a main reason why people still move to California, and a main reason why they fail, too.The future is still bright for the Golden State, though. Many of the problems that have caused this end to the dream have fixes that aren't too complicated. Soon, in the near future, it will be clear for most people that there is no such California dream anymore. Hopefully sometime after that it won't be as clear. And hopefully soon after that it will be clear that the California dream is back. But for now, the California dream is â€Å"fizzling out. â€Å"As James Rawls' stated, the California Dream is â€Å"quite impossibly everything–and quite possibly nothing at all. † A paradox for many, a reality for few.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Best Practices In Food And Beverage Marketing Essay

Best Practices In Food And Beverage Marketing Essay The Food Beverage department at hotels has evolved significantly over the past decades. Various studies and marketing techniques were employed to the department in order to improve the operations such as developing menu items or creating unique offers (Miller). A PKF consulting analysis of 214 hotels during the time-frame of 1994 to 2004, displayed an percentage growth in F Kippenberger). Following their example, the co-branding of TGI Fridays within Holiday Inn hotels turned out to be a financial success. After the conversion of the Pennsylvania Holiday Inn restaurant to TGI Friday’s, the increase from $450,000 to $4 million within the first year only marked a rapid improvement in revenue which persisted for consecutive years (Hahm and Khan). After reviewing the benefits, the company expanded its co operations with other franchise such as Red Lobster, Pizzeria Uno, Good Eats Grill and many more (Boone). Other examples include the co-branding of Sheraton hotels with Starbucks coffee and Vie de France baked goods, Hilton with Benihana, Calrson Country Inn with Pizza Hut, The Garden Place and Nestle Toll House Cafà © among others.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Human Race Past and Future in Anthropology Essay

Human Race Past and Future in Anthropology - Essay Example Agriculture means man’s interference in animal and plant reproduction as well as the distribution system-reaching peak in ecologically simplified and genetically susceptible monoculture. Dependency on few cultivated and domesticated plants decrease dependability on wild resources. The dependency makes it necessary for the society to maintain food producing economy and transformation of conventional base of society or even change of the physical environment. Change in dependency of cultivated food makes increases impossibility of returning to the gathering economy; thus, village farming communities resulted in cities and eventually countries hence attributes of civilization are firmly established and with uninterrupted material progress (Khatry 20). Therefore, agriculture was never an idea of an individual or group of individuals it developed in various ways in different parts of the world. Some of the consequences are far-reaching and similar to all people everywhere. The vari ous consequences of food production include increased carrying capacity of land, growth of sedentary society, transformation of social structure, specialization in craft and rise of civilization. Thus, whatever is visible in the modern civilization is a product of man’s shift to agriculture; moreover, not all consequences are favorable to human society. Agriculture brought a lot of pressure, chain of problems and deficiencies for man to handle particularly when the production of food moved beyond the incipient level. The significant consequences resulting from food production include increase of numbers and density of human population, the rise of political organization, conflicts and exchange, human health and biology and impact on physical environment (Haviland 300). The shift to food production though not a planned event, it has not been able to handle some of the problems it creates. While gatherers still live above starvation with less effort to procure food, agriculture struggles to feed the population despite utilization of technology. Agriculture cause damage to natural vegetation since it kills plants by use of biochemical elements. Therefore, civilization together with technology, state government increased problems in man’s life. Since narrowing of food resources to few plants and animals man’s healthy condition deteriorated (Khatry 22-23). Q2 The future of human race has been a point of concern to writers for centuries with some arguing the human race is destined to evolve into super-beings, while other writers argue that human beings are changing into goblins incapable of nothing more demanding. Nevertheless, leading geneticists believe that these observations are wrong since human evolution has halted. According to Jones, a professor at University College London believes that the forces driving evolution like natural selection and gene

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Teenage pregnacies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Teenage pregnacies - Research Paper Example According to Melbye et al. (1997) there is an elevated risk of Breast Cancer associated with abortion. In conclusion, although it may be the case that abortion is a moralistically complicated issue it may serve as a valuable tool in the fight to break the cycle of poverty. The direct costs of raising a child are extremely high, and raising a child for young mothers may also mean that they would have to forgo educational opportunities that may bring a more successful future. Bielski, Z. (May 26th 2010) Canada’s teen Birth and Abortion Rate Drops by 36.9%. The Globe and Mail. [online] Available at http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/canadas-teen-birth-and-abortion-rate-drops-by-369-per-cent/article1581673/ Accessed on March 26th 2011. Fu, H.; Darroch, J.; Stanley, D.; Kolb. E; & Kolb, H. (1998) Measuring the Extent of Abortion Underreporting in the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Family Planning Perspectives. Vol. 30, No.3. PP. 128-138. Kerzinke, K. (2003) 30 Years After Abortion Ruling, New Trends but the Old Debate. New York Times [online] Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/20/us/30-years-after-abortion-ruling-new-trends-but-the-old-debate.html Accessed on March 26th 2011. Melbye, M,; Wohlfahrt, J.; Olsen, J.; Frisch, M.; Westergaard, T.; Helwig-Larson, K.; Anderson, P. (January 9th 1997) Induced Abortion and the Risk of Breast Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 336 No.2. Smith, G. & Pell, J. (June 4th 2001) Teenage pregnancy and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with first and second births: population based retrospective cohort study. British Medical Journal. University of Cambridge, Rosie Hospital. Cambridge CB2 2SW Stein, R. (2010) Has the Recession Affected Abortion? The Washington Post. [online] Available at http://voices.washingtonpost.com/checkup/2010/05/has_the_recession_affected_abo.html

Monday, August 26, 2019

International business law Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International business law - Article Example The article relates to the material being used in class, specifically in terms of asserting the need to abide and observe human rights, especially in war-ridden areas. The news report disclosed that through these chemical attacks, â€Å"the Assad regime continues to carry out war crimes in its slaughter of innocent men, women, and children† (Reuters par. 11). Even though the victims were noted to be rebels of the Syrian government, it is important to observe proper legal procedures in applying jurisdiction and justice, than resorting to chemical warfare that undermines their right to live. I strongly believe that each country face problems in terms of the ideologies professed by rebel groups which obviously run counter to government policies and legislation. However, as government officials, elected by the people, I affirm that resorting to unfair warfare tactics, like chemical warfare, grossly violates the rebels’ right to express themselves and to live. As such, if these rebels also violate legal, moral, or ethical codes of conduct, they too, should be subjected to similar legal procedures that each and every citizen of the country is allowed to undergo. Therefore, the allegations reported that the Syrian government allegedly uses chemical warfare in rebel-held areas are obvious violations of human rights and should be rightfully examined by international courts. The fact that the government had already breached the chemical weapons agreement is already an indication of disrespect for justice and observance of human rights. The reason why I disagree to the Sy rian government’s alleged use of toxic chemicals in rebel-held areas is that the action obviously disrespects the right of these rebels to live. Further, by using these chemical weapons, unsuspecting and hapless victims include women and children, who are supposed to be protected from these abusive incidents. The rebels could just be

Acer in China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acer in China - Assignment Example The economic development in India is facilitated by both manufacturing and service sectors. Thus, Acer should make the fast move in conquering this market. This conclusion is based on the premise that the Indian market represents huge revenue and profit opportunity which remains largely untapped. Even though Acer is also bound to deal with numerous risks and uncertainties in its decision, this paper still believes that the business organization has already built strong presence in the smaller cities which can help it in succeeding in conquering India in contrast with the highly problematic Chinese market.The move to conquer India is warranted by the high demand in technological gadgets including personal computers which will support the growth in business process outsourcing. Acer should also need to make a quick decision in entering this market postponement will make it very late for it to establish a strong presence once larger and more efficient industry players abroad settle and gain strong foothold in the market. This is very possible noting the aggressiveness of top companies like Dell and IBM. Acer can gain a competitive advantage against this player recognizing its cost leadership strategy which is expected to appeal to the still highly price sensitive Indian market.Another reason why the Indian market should be pursued is the fact that the large market remains unsaturated.

Sunday, August 25, 2019

The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest Movie Review

The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest - Movie Review Example This interesting movie shows the behavior of the market. It makes it easy to see how the performance in real life through a movie. To be an entrepreneur is not an easy thing it requires many things, but above all, you have to be hardworking, smart and innovative to stay ahead of your competitors. This movie revolves around people who want to create a niche in the tough market, but they face many challenges. When Andy quits his job as a marketer because he did not find the job interesting, he finds another job in a research company. Benoit gives him a pc to sell at a cost of $99, but it proves to be a tall order. He quickly finds a team consisting of Alisa who is an artist, Salman Fard, Darrell and Curtis. They together form a team to ensure they cut a niche in the market to sell their product. The strategies they employ are similar to the ones suggested by Michael E. Porter, who suggests strategies to employ whenever a business faces competitive forces. Michael suggests that, a business is faced by the following competitive forces; the threat of new entrants in the market, bargaining power of buyers, threats of substitute product or services, bargaining power of suppliers, and rivalry among existing competitors. It is evident that Andy and his team face similar competitive forces in their quest to sell their product in competitive market with the ones named by Michael. For example, they find that they cannot sell their product at a cost of $99 because it is expensive and nobody will buy it.

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Reflective analysis case studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Reflective analysis case studies - Essay Example On the night in question, as a site manager, I was dealing with admissions and bed allocations. A colleague who was working opposite was the first responder that night. She received a call from the Critical Care Unit (CCU) at 2300 hours; the CCU nurses narrated that a female patient was having ongoing chest pains following the use of the commode; nurses also reported changes in the patient’s ECG reading; the CCU nurses also reported that the patient was given a glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray. My colleague and I already met the patient the previous night at the Emergency Medical Care (EMC) unit when she was admitted for shortness of breath (SOB), palpitations, and was having pleural effusions drained. Before we left for the ward, we fast beeped the doctor about the patient. We knew from the patient’s admission that she was 64 years old and had a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) and an Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR) surgery 13 days prior to her admission. When we got to the CCU, the patient was extremely anxious and frightened; was very short of breath; was having chest pains; and was speaking in short sentences. The patient was also not sweating. The CCU nurses already put her on 15L Oxygen non-rebreath mask. I immediately made my A to G assessment while my friend helped to calm and reassure the patient. The doctor arrived a few minutes after we did and he saw the patient briefly, auscultated her chest, and went to the nurses’ station to write down his orders on the patient’s chart. I went to the nurses’ station to confer with the doctor about his initial findings and his orders. The doctor ordered Digoxin 500 mcg to be given immediately to the patient; he also ordered an increase in the treatment dose of clexane to 90 mg. He also ordered another 12 lead ECG to be done on the patient in 2 hours time; another dose of Digoxin in 6 hours time; IV

Friday, August 23, 2019

Garbage in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Garbage in china - Essay Example ident starting from Hong Kong to other places such as Bolou and Tonghzou are against the idea of government coming up with incineration facilities to manage this garbage. Protests are order of the day whenever the governments set up to build such a facility. In this regard, this research paper seeks to find an answer to the question what is the most appropriate way of managing the thousands of tonnes of garbage produced in China each day? The research argues out that incineration is the best alternative to manage garbage in China as it not only reduces the waste in landfills, but also offers opportunities for the generation of additional electric power to be fed in the countries power grid system. Handling waste, which is a result of a rapidly growing middle class and per annum double-digit economic expansion over the last decade, stands out as one of the most prominent challenges China’s urban planners contend with. While most of the garbage, which range from food waste to construction rubble and plastic packaging, is dumped in landfills, policy makers are gradually embracing incineration as volumes step-up, in spite of spirited protests from some residents and environmentalists. In a You Tube video posted by D (English)Beijing’s urban enlargement has resulted to the trash problem getting even closer to homes. Landfill fields that once occupied the city’s outskirts where a majority of the city’s migrant workers resided now sit in the center of the urban conurbation that has developed around them. According to Shapiro, while China generates rubbish to a lesser extent on per capita basis relative to other economies such as the United States, its cum ulative generation, at approximately 300 million tones every year, according to academic studies, is the largest in the globe, and still on an upward trend. Beijing’s population produces 23,000 tonnes of garbage each day, an equivalent of nine fully filled standard-sized swimming pools for Olympic Games.

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Issues in special education Essay Example for Free

Issues in special education Essay Legal disputes between parents and school officials can be very costly. The cost is not just in dollars. It also involves costs in terms of the diversion of resources, the toll on school personnel, and, most importantly, the breakdown in the relationship between the parents and the school. The best way to deal with a legal dispute is to prevent it from occurring in the first place. In 1975 Congress passed landmark legislation designed to provide the nations students with disabilities with unprecedented access to educational services. Originally known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975), that legislation is now known by its new title, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997). The statute, as amended, calls for school districts to provide students with disabilities with an appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. The law also provides students with disabilities and their parents with due process rights, including the right to contest school district decisions regarding the provision of a free appropriate public education. Consequently, since the enactment of the law in 1975, literally thousands of lawsuits have been filed challenging school district decisions. The IDEA is not the only law governing special education in the schools. In addition, section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and the ADA provide students with disabilities with additional protections. Section 504 prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities by recipients of federal funds. The ADA expands section 504s discrimination prohibition to the private sector, but includes provisions applicable to public entities. In addition, all states currently have laws governing the provision of special education. Procedural issues Evaluation and Classification The IDEA requires states, and consequently school districts, to establish procedures to assure that all students with disabilities are properly identified and evaluated (IDEA, Â § 1412, a, 2, 1997). Those procedures, along with the test instruments chosen, may not be culturally or racially biased. In fact, students whose language or mode of communication is not English, must be evaluated in their native language or usual mode of communication (IDEA, Â § 1414, b, 3, 1997). The IDEA stipulates that all assessments are to be administered by trained personnel in conformance with the instructions provided by the test producer (IDEA, Â § 1414, b, 2, 1997). If a student is found to be eligible for special education, the school district is required to develop an individualized education program (IEP) for that child, but the IEP can be invalidated if it is based on a flawed evaluation of the child (Bonadonna v. Cooperman, 1985). The student is entitled to an independent evaluation if the parents disagree with the school districts evaluation. However, the school district is required to pay for the independent evaluation only if the parents can show that the districts evaluation was not appropriate. If the parents do obtain an independent evaluation, the school district must consider the results of that evaluation (Assistance to the States, Â § 300. 503, 1999). However, that does not mean that the school district must adopt the recommendations of the independent evaluator (G. D. v. Westmoreland School District, 1991). Rights of Parents and Guardians Parents are given considerable due process rights on behalf of their children in the special education process. The intent of the IDEAis for them to become partners with school district personnel in the development of IEPs. The school district must provide the parents with proper notice before it proposes to take any action regarding the childs identification or placement (IDEA, Â § 1415, b, 3, 1997). The parents must be invited to participate in all meetings in which the students evaluation or placement will be considered (Assistance to the States, Â § 300.345, 1999). If the parents disagree with any decisions made by school district personnel, they may seek resolution either through voluntary mediation or an administrative due process hearing. If the parents disagree with the final result of the administrative hearing process, they may appeal to the federal or state courts (IDEA, Â § 1415, 1997). Failure to provide parents with the rights outlined in the IDEA can invalidate an otherwise appropriate IEP (Osborne, 1996). Change in Placement Procedures Once a child has been placed in special education, that placement may not be arbitrarily changed. Again, before any change in placement may occur, the parents must be given proper notification. The childs placement also may not be changed while any administrative due process or judicial proceedings are pending absent parental consent or a court order (IDEA, Â § 1415, j, 1997). The actual determination of what constitutes a change in placement can be tricky. For example, if a special education classroom was physically moved from one school to another as part of a school district reorganization, that would not be considered a change in placement as long as the students IEP could be fully implemented in the new location. By the same token, the usual movement of a student from one level to another (i. e. , elementary to middle school) is not a change in placement if the students IEP can be fully implemented after the change (Osborne, 1996). However, any move that would affect the IEP or its implementation would be considered a change in placement. Obviously, changing a child from a resource room situation to a substantially separate class for students with behavioral disorders would be a change in placement. The elimination of a component of the students educational program would also constitute a change in placement (Abney v. District of Columbia, 1988). Minor changes are allowable, however. The key to determining whether or not the change is acceptable is how the modification will affect the students learning (DeLeon v. Susquehanna Community School District, 1984).

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Theology of the cross of Jesus Essay Example for Free

Theology of the cross of Jesus Essay Outline the key elements in Pauls theology of the cross of Jesus, making careful reference to the text of his letters. Paul was one of the earliest and most influential Christian theologians, therefore it is very important that readers of the Bible scrutinize the words and implications of his writings if they wish to grasp a clear understanding of the key elements of his theology. Pauls writings and letters make up a significant part of the New Testament, providing plenty of evidence from which to gain insights. Despite the fact that academics continue to argue over whether or not a valid understanding of Pauls theology can be gained from what is essentially a collection of letters crafted for specific situations, through a close reading of the texts the most important and significant elements of his theology cannot fail to be noticed. It is evident from Pauls writings that he believes the cross of Jesus to be of integral importance to the Christian message he preaches. On one hand the cross acts as a symbol with which to inspire and teach the new followers of Christianity, and on the other hand, as an essential element in the fulfilment of Jesus destiny, the reality of Gods sacrifice and proof of the love he feels towards his people. Paul emphasises the symbolic and practical importance of the cross throughout his letters, one example of this being in Philippians, when Paul implies by corollary that the cross is a Christian symbol around which the followers of Christ can gather and seek redemption: For manylive as enemies of the cross of Christ. Their end is destruction, their god is the belly, and they glory in their shame, with minds set on earthly things (Philippians 3:18-19) The symbolic significance of the cross is undeniable, and it has become one of the most enduring symbols of Christianity in the world today. The importance of the cross is certainly one of the key elements of Pauls theology and Carey C. Newman, (among others) attributes this to the fact that Pauls primary task in life and thought was to interpret his conversion experience1. In other words, to preach his gospel to the new community of Christians and to allow them to fully comprehend the importance of Christ, the crucifixion and the resurrection as a cornerstone of their faith, Paul takes the symbol of the cross and harnesses its dramatic significance as a way of reaching out to his congregation. One of the major themes in Pauls writing is the importance of the resurrection, and a significant part of his theology regarding the cross is evident in the way he juxtaposes the two, one example being in his letter to the Romans: The death he died he died to sin, once and for all, but the life he lives he lives to God. So you must also consider yourselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus (Romans 6:10-11) In this verse Paul emphasises the fact that Jesus crucifixion upon the cross is representative of mankind being cleansed from sin. The juxtaposition of the crucifixion imagery and the Christian belief in eternal life is important as it shows that Paul considered the two to be inextricably linked the powerful nature of the resurrection is enhanced and strengthened by the fact that it is twinned with the image of Jesus and his cross. Paul seems to have held two theories about the significance of Jesus death on the cross as a theological concept and how it concerns the human reality of sin. David Horrell in The Introduction to the study of Paul defines these as a sacrificial interpretation and a participationist2 interpretation. During his letter to the Philippians, Paul seems to be hinting that he endorses the participationist interpretation. Paul discusses the crucifixion and the cross in the context of an important Christian experience, almost like a baptism which the followers of Christ must endure. Paul holds himself up as an example of this: For his sake I have suffered the loss of all things and count them as refuse, in order that I may gain Christ and be found in him (Philippians 3:8) He therefore implies in this letter that his theology of the cross is based on a participationist interpretation and that Jesuss cross and crucifixion are symbolic of the suffering which Christians must endure in order to gain Christ and be found in him. Pauls participationist interpretation is also mentioned in a more explicit manner in his earlier letter to the Romans, this time dealing with the theoretical implications as opposed to the practical ones: We know that our old self was crucified with him so that the sinful body might be destroyed, and we might no longer be enslaved to sin. (Romans 6:6) However, Pauls theology of the cross also seems to encompass a sacrificial interpretation, as he points out throughout his letters. In his letter to the Philippians Paul concentrates upon the cross as an important reminder of the suffering endured by Christ. Christ JesusAnd being found in human form he humbled himself and became obedient unto death, even death on a cross. Therefore God has highly exalted him (Philippians 2:6-9) This sacrificial interpretation is obviously an important element of Pauls theology. Firstly because Paul saw it as his mission to convert non-believers to Christianity, secondly as an apostle and preacher he felt it necessary to glorify Jesus and the sacrifice endured by him. This was especially important in Pauls own lifetime when Christianity was a fledgling religion. Paul referred to the cross as a way for others to understand his conversion experience or call and in this way, the sacrificial interpretation of Jesus crucifixion is one of the key elements in Pauls theology. In his first letter to the Corinthians, Paul also refers to the sacrificial importance of the cross in an attempt to heal rifts which have developed between different factions in the church at Corinth. Thus, Paul emphasises once again how Jesus death on the cross is important symbolically and a necessary tool in his futile efforts to unite the Christian Church. These two Pauline interpretations of the cross may seem to be conflicting but they are both important elements of Pauls theology and essential to the understanding of how Paul understands and preaches his gospel message. The participationist interpretation allows Paul to craft the Christian message in a manner which will appeal to and include each individual Christian. In the passages supporting the theory that Pauls theology is based on a sacrificial interpretation, the emphasis placed on the symbolic importance of Jesus cross aids Paul in his efforts to unite the Christian movement under a recognisable and meaningful emblem. In my opinion Pauls different interpretations of the cross throughout his writings do not undermine each other. The cross of Jesus was an integral part of Pauls teaching and the theology concerning it is diverse and complex. I think Pauls different interpretations of the cross show how he preached his theology to the Christians. While his theology may never be understood in its entirety, Paul does allow the key elements of his beliefs to underpin his teachings and with a variety of texts to gain information from the reader can gain insights into the heterogeneous nature of Pauls gospel message. Paul also speaks about the cross in a more obscure and mystical manner at other points in his letters (particularly in his two letters to the Corinthians). In 1 Corinthians he outlines the power of the Cross in relation to his preaching and the meaning behind this and similar statements may is not immediately obvious: For Christ did not send me to baptise but to preach the gospel, and not with eloquent wisdom lest the cross of Christ be emptied of its power. (1 Corinthians 1:17) These passages raise very complex theological questions but one definite conclusion that can be drawn is that Pauls theology is rooted firmly in the belief that the power of the cross is bound up with the power of the Holy Spirit (and in turn, the power of God and Jesus). Therefore, Pauls gospel was revealed to him directly by the Holy Spirit and so Paul considers himself to be preaching the actual words of Jesus3. Paul believes that the cross of Jesus is extremely powerful, transcending symbolic and practical significance to take up a position of prime importance in Pauline and Christian theology as a whole. Pauls letters make up a large and theologically significant part of the New Testament. This is slightly ironic as the purpose of Pauls letters to the different churches is to address specific issues and problems which have arisen within the fledgling Christian communities there. Paul did not ostensibly write with the intention of outlining or illuminating his views on Christian Theology, or indeed his own theological views. There is no doubt however, that the essence of his theology is fundamental to the advice and teachings included in his writings and therefore, it is possible to pick out the key elements of Pauls theology concerning the resurrection, God, Christian lifestyle, and (as I have concentrated on in this essay), the Cross of Jesus. Pauls letters were included in the New Testament presumably because those in charge of crafting it believed that Pauls letters were representative of his theology and therefore worthy of inclusion. Although it is impossible to pinpoint Pauls theological views precisely and in their entirety, I think it is important to draw what conclusions we can after a careful reading of his work. Paul does not lay out his theology in an easy and obvious manner, but the key elements are apparent to any reader. Pauls theology of the Cross of Jesus has many complex implications, especially with regard to anti-Semitism and the Crucifixion as an integral part of the Christian faith, however, by studying Pauls writings and by attempting to gain some understanding of their cultural, social and historical context I think it is possible to gain a proper understanding of Pauls personal beliefs and theology and to see how these views have shaped Christianity throughout the ages. Bibliography The Bible (Revised Standard Version), American Bible Society, New York, 1946 Raymond E. Brown An Introduction To The New Testament ABRL, Doubleday (1997) Mehrdad Fatehi The Spirits Relation to the Risen Lord in Paul Mohr Seibeck (2000) Robert G. Hamerton-Kelly Sacred Violence Pauls Hermeneutic of the Cross Fortress Press, Minneapolis (1992) David M. Hay (ed) Pauline Theology, Volume II Fortress Press, Minneapolis (1993) David M. Hay and E. Elizabeth Johnson (eds.) Pauline Theology, Volume III Fortress Press, Minneapolis (1995) David M. Hay and E. Elizabeth Johnson (eds.) Pauline Theology, Volume IV Scholars Press, Atlanta, Georgia (1997) David Horrell An Introduction To The Study Of Paul Continuum, London, New York (2000) A. M. Hunter Interpreting Pauls Gospel SCM Press, London (1954) Robert Jewett Saint Paul Returns to the Movies Triumph over Shame William B Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan/ Cambridge, UK (1999) Brice L. Martin Christ and the Law in Paul E. J. Brill, Leiden New York Kobenhaun Koln (1989) Sven Millert Limited and Universal Salvation A text oriented and Hermeneutical Study of Two Perspectives in Paul CB, New Testament Series 31, Almqvist and Wiksell International (1999) C. E. D. Moule Essays in New Testament Interpretation Cambridge University Press (1982) Carey C. Newman Pauls Glory Christology Tradition and Rhetoric E. J. Brill, leiden New York Kobenhaun Koln (1992) John A. T. Robinson The Body A Study in Pauline Theology SCM Press, London (1952) E. P. Sanders Paul Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York (1992) A. J. M. Wedderburn (ed) Paul and Jesus: Collected Essays JSOT Press Sheffield (1989) 1 Pauls Glory Christology Tradition and Rhetoric (see bibliography) 2 Chapter 5, page 53 3 The Spirits functions in Relation to the Risen Lord (see Bibliography)

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Hrm Contribute To Organization Effectiveness Management Essay

Hrm Contribute To Organization Effectiveness Management Essay Human Resource Management plays an important role in the enhancing the performance of performance of employees in the organization. The efficient HRM policies are being designed in an organization to enhance the performance level to its maximum. Human resource management (HRM) is the process of linking the human resource functions with the strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance. We may call in the way that human resource management holds the central live blood role in any organization. Factor that contribute to Organization performance An important aspect of an organizations business focus and direction towards achieving high levels of competency and competitiveness would depend very much upon their human resource management practices to contribute effectively towards profitability, quality, and other goals in line with the mission and vision of the company. Talent Management One of the key for the organization success depends on its managing, attracting and retaining best people. Companies view the ability to manage talent effectively as a strategic priority, and there was a high degree of sophistication about this activity among the companies in our sample. In all companies there are systems in place which identify high potential individuals using clear sets of leadership competencies and validated assessment instruments. These individuals are given a variety of developmental activities, from training, coaching, mentoring, projects, and international assignments, and they are placed on a talent inventory that matches prospective jobs to high potential individuals. Companies have adopted multiple approaches to retain valued talent, including financial incentives, personalized career plans, mentorship programs, and flexible work arrangements, and they place great emphasis on diversity and work life balance in order to compete for the best talent and retai n high potential employees Performance management Performance management, participative goal setting, with both work and development goals, based generally around balanced scorecard initiatives, provide direct link to strategic objectives. Multiple inputs at the appraisal, with most 360approaches now managed on-line are common for at least mid-level managers and above, and with bi-annual formal reviews and constant informal feedback, often on daily basis, to ensure projects/workload is on track and to ensure adequate resources are being given where appropriate. Developmental focus in the appraisal is a given. The developmental and pay reviews are split in all cases, and the line of sight to rewards is clear in most firms through the use of performance/potential matrices. Performance appraisal (PA) is one of the important components in the rational and systemic process of human resource management. The information obtained through performance appraisal provides foundations for recruiting and selecting new hires, training and developm ent of existing staff, and motivating and maintaining a quality work force by adequately and properly rewarding their performance. Without a reliable performance appraisal system, a human resource management system falls apart, resulting in the total waste of the valuable human assets a company has. Knowledge Management Most firms today associate information systems with knowledge management. If a firm has a good system and process for entering and retrieving information electronically, they argue, and then it has a good knowledge management system. Though linked and certainly vital to effective knowledge management, information systems are nothing without appropriate incentive structures, people development programs, personal relationships, and shared vision or goals. Within the HR function, effective knowledge management of practices and systems is key to its value proposition of being able to deliver HR practices and systems that are globally integrated, locally sensitive, and comparatively innovative. Emphasis on attitudes and cultural fit in the selection process While companies have traditionally focused on applicants academic credentials and job-related skills in the selection process, many of the excellent companies within the sample have expanded their definition of â€Å"the right people in the right place† to include cultural fit as a key selection criterion. These companies try to assess applicants personality and values to determine the fit with the corporate culture, based on the assumption that formal qualification is not always an accurate predictor of job performance and those skills are easier to train or change than personality traits, attitudes and values. A comprehensive Human Resource Strategy plays a vital role in the achievement of an organizations overall strategic objectives and visibly illustrates that the human resources function fully understands and supports the direction in which the organization is moving. A comprehensive HR Strategy will also support other specific strategic objectives undertaken by the marketing, financial, operational and technology departments. In essence, an HR strategy should aim to capture the people element of what an organization is hoping to achieve in the medium to long term, ensuring that:- It has the right people in place It has the right mix of skills Employees display the right attitudes and behaviors, and Employees are developed in the right way. If, as is sometimes the case, organization strategies and plans have been developed without any human resource input, the justification for the HR strategy may be more about teasing out the implicit people factors which are inherent in the plans, rather than simply summarizing their explicit people content. An HR strategy will add value to the organization if it: Articulates more clearly some of the common themes which lie behind the achievement of other plans and strategies, which have not been fully identified before; and Identifies fundamental underlying issues which must be addressed by any organization or business if its people are to be motivated, committed and operate effectively. The first of these areas will entail a careful consideration of existing or developing plans and strategies to identify and draw attention to common themes and implications, which have not been made explicit previously. The second area should be about identifying which of these plans and strategies are so fundamental that there must be clear plans to address them before the organization can achieve on any of its goals. These are likely to include: workforce planning issues succession planning workforce skills plans employment equity plans black economic empowerment initiatives motivation and fair treatment issues pay levels designed to recruit, retain and motivate people the co-ordination of approaches to pay and grading across the organization to create alignment and potential unequal pay claims a grading and remuneration system which is seen as fair and giving proper reward for contributions made a consistent performance management framework which is designed to meet the needs of all sectors of the organization including its people career development frameworks which look at development within the organization at equipping employees with employability so that they can cope with increasingly frequent changes in employer and employment patterns Policies and frameworks to ensure that people development issues are addressed systematically: competence frameworks, self-managed learning etc. The HR strategy will need to show that careful planning of the people issues will make it substantially easier for the organization to achieve its wider strategic and operational goals. In addition, the HR strategy can add value is by ensuring that, in all its other plans, the organization takes account of and plans for changes in the wider environment, which are likely to have a major impact on the organization, such as: changes in the overall employment market demographic or remuneration levels cultural changes which will impact on future employment patterns changes in the employee relations climate changes in the legal framework surrounding employment HR and employment practice being developed in other organizations, such as new flexible work practices. Finding the right opportunity to present a case for developing an HR Strategy is critical to ensuring that there will be support for the initiative, and that its initial value will be recognized by the organization. Giving a strong practical slant to the proposed strategy may help gain acceptance for the idea, such as focusing on good management practice. It is also important to build early or quick wins into any new strategy. Other opportunities may present the ideal moment to encourage the development of an HR Strategy:- A major new internal initiative could present the right opportunity to push for an accompanying HR strategy, such as a restructuring exercise, a corporate acquisition, joint venture or merger exercise. A new externally generated initiative could similarly generate the right climate for a new HR strategy e.g. Black economic empowerment initiatives. In some instances, even negative news may provide the right moment, for example, recent industrial action or employee dissatisfaction expressed through a climate survey.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Virginia Woolfs Short Story, A Haunted House :: Virginia Woolf A Haunted House

Virginia Woolf's Short Story, A Haunted House The short story "A Haunted House" is story with meaning, by portraying to us the treasure of life. When two ghosts are searching through their old house, looking for their "Treasure", the treasure or meaning is revealed to us. The joy and love shared between two people is the treasure, the treasure of life. By using irony and stream of consciousness Virginia Woolf is able to reveal the meaning of the story. Virginia Woolf uses a style called the "Stream of Consciousness", revealing the lives of her characters by revealing their thoughts and associations. We learn about the ghosts past by seeing what they thoughts and associated with there pasts. For example when they were discussing death she put " "Here we slept," she said. And he adds, "Kisses without number." "Waking in the morning_" "Silver between the trees." "Upstairs-" "In the garden-" "When summer came-" "In the winter snowtime-" "( A Haunted House Pg. 321). This quote shows us what places and actions the ghosts associate with there joy and love. Using stream of consciousness gives us a better feeling of what the characters are going through, which in turn gives us a better understanding of the meaning. We also see the use of irony, using a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or normal meaning. The irony is that the story is titled "A Haunted House" which made us think that the house was an evil place. The house ends up being where every thing good happens. The ghosts did not haunt the people , instead they make them realize the treasure they have. By seeing how much the ghosts valued finding their treasure it makes the people take a harder look at what their treasure is, the love and joy they share. It is very evident when she says " Now they found it, one would be certain, stopping the pencil on the margin. And then, tired of reading, one might rise

The Stem Cell Dilemma Essay -- Stem Cells Medical Health Science Genet

The Stem Cell Dilemma Every day, nearly 3,000 people die while waiting for an organ transplant (D’Agnese). Moreover, 66,000 people are still on an organ donor list in the United States, few of which will ever see their name come up on that list (â€Å"Improving†). Many people believe nothing can be done about this sad fact. However, this is not the case. Studies on stem-cell research point toward a solution to this deadly problem. With efficient use of stem cells, many diseases and medical problems could be solved. Stem-cells are very young, specialized cells. Usually coming from a human embryo, they have the ability to develop into more specialized groups of cells or tissues (â€Å"Stem Cells: A Primer†). As of 2001, scientists could develop stem-cells into more than 110 different types of tissues, such as blood, brain or heart tissue (Robinson). If these cells could be so useful in the medical field, why are they not being used now? First of all, the research on stem-cells is still ongoing, though if given funding this research may have already been accomplished. According to Gary Stix, a writer for Scientific American, on November 5th, 2001, a company called Advanced Cell Technology (ACT) was the first to actually clone embryonic cells. This is not cloning in the most common sense, though. Stem-cells have previously been obtained from tissues of early stage embryos. With this experiment, scientists tried to use a new technique in making stem-cells so that real embryos need not be used. The scientists injected cells into eggs which had their nuclei removed, rather than making an actual copy of the cell. These cells developed, though the furthest development was from the one cell to eight cells, which is not enough to provide stem-cells (Lauritzen). This may not seem like much, but it is seen as a small step on the path to greater and more efficient use of these cells. So, one factor in the question of why do we not use stem-cells is that certain people do not approve of the use of embryonic tissue in research. There are many reasons, however, in which it could be seen as feasible to use embryonic stem-cells in the sake of medicine. For example people with heart disease or kidney failure could be cured with a relatively cheap operation. Today organ transplants are quite expensive and sometimes a matching donor can not even be found if a patient had ... ... Bibliography D’Agnese, Joseph. â€Å"The Debate Over Stem Cells Gets Hot†. Discover 23 (Jan. 2002): 1. Draper, Eric. â€Å"Remarks by the President on Stem Cell Research.† Aug. 9 2001. Feb.10 2002. â€Å"Improving the Nation’s Organ Transplantation System.† US Department of Health and Human Services. 18 Oct. 1999. 16 Feb. 2002. Lauritzen, Paul. â€Å"Broadening the Debate on Cloning and Stem Cell Research.† America 186 (4 Feb. 2002): 22 Academic Search Elite. Ebscohost. University of Louisville Ekstrom Library. 6 Feb. 2002. Lee, Jacqueline. â€Å"Embryonic Stem Cells: The End Doesn’t Justify the Means.† Claretian Publications Jan. 2002. Proquest. University of Louisville Ekstrom Library. 6 Feb. 2002. Robinson, B.A. â€Å"What are Stem Cells?† 29 Aug.2001. Feb 16 2002. Safire, William. â€Å"The Crimson Birthmark.† New York Times 21 Jan. 2002. Proquest. University of Louisville Ekstrom Library. 6 Feb. 2002. â€Å"Stem Cells: A Primer† National Institutes of Health. May 2000. Feb. 16 2002. Stix, Gary. â€Å"What Clones?† Scientific American 286 (Feb. 2002): 18. Academic Search Elite. Ebscohost. University of Louisville Ekstrom Library. 6 Feb. 2002.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Magical Realism and Mans Search for Meaning :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Magical Realism and Man's Search for Meaning Five Works Cited Real life experiences that happen in a person's life are important, and these are what magical realism is all about. The meaning of life is wrapped all into our way of living. The world is full of passion and magic and without this passion and magic the world would not exist. Victor Frankl, a 2oth century psychiatrist, had this passion as well as a lot of other people who have survived many obstacles in their lives. Magic is the marvelous in reality. Everyday living is magic alone, trying to survive the rat race of today's society, yet the marvelous is there, too. Simpkins spoke of the marvelous, fantastic, and other things pertaining to magical realism (146). Simpkins states that magical realism appears to overcome the "limits" of realism (145). Leal also has given his opinion of the magic and the passion of magical realism. Leal spoke of the emotions that magical realism has. He states that magical realism is unreal and fantasy like fairy tales or made up stories (119). Leal states that the job of magical realism is to express the emotions not evoke them (121). A writer must confront reality and try to untangle it (121). In magical realism, key events have no logic or explanation (123). Frankl, in his book Man's Search for Meaning, addresses some of the same issues that are associated with magical realism. Frankl's will to meaning is used in distinguishing several forms of neurosis and traces some of them to the failure of the sufferer to find meaning and sense of responsibility in his existence. Freud stresses frustration in the sexual life, and Frankl stresses frustration in the will-to-meaning (9). Frankl refers to the strategies to preserve the remnants of one's life though the chances of surviving are slight. Hunger, humiliation, fear, and deep anger at injustice are rendered tolerable by closely guarded images of beloved persons, by religion, by a grim sense of humor, and even by glimpses of the healing beauties of nature-a tree or a sunset (10). Frankl noticed that people who survived the horrors of the nazi concentration camps had purpose. The reasons for their survival is Frankle's will to meaning. Comparing Like Water for Chocolate Frankl's Man's search for Meaning gives a great discussion of the magical in reality. Both stories had passion in the people's lives, enough to make the magical realism show.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Elements of Constitutional Democracy Essay

In order for a country to be called democratic, essential elements should be complied with. These elements are popular sovereignty, majority and minority rights, limited government and institutional and procedural limitations of power. One of the essential elements that have a remarkable impact on my life is popular sovereignty. In a democratic country, the authority of usually emanates from the people. The authority is exercised through election or voting of the people who deserve to seat in the government. Popular sovereignty has remarkably impacted my life by being active in exercise my right to vote. Through voting, I have to study or review the background of the candidates as well as the party they represent. Apart from that, I also make myself aware of the political condition of the country and the policies introduced by the public officials. Furthermore, I tried to influence and convince my friends in using and making their right to vote powerful in order to introduce change in the future. As for me, it is rewarding to live in a democratic country because every citizen is part of shaping the future of the country. Another element is the institutional and procedural limitation on powers which covers due process of law. Through the due process of law, I am confident that my rights are protected from any abuses that any government authorities may have against me. Aside from that, through the due process of law, I am secured of achieving justice in case I will face a case one day. More importantly, I have earned confident and trust in the system of the government.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Lab Report on TLC analisys of Analgestic Drugs Essay

In this experiment, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to determine the composition of various over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics: Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The TLC plates were first viewed under ultraviolet (UV) light and then treated with iodine vapor in order to visualize the spotting. Experiment Scheme Initially, sixteen capillary micropipets were created in order to spot the TLC plates. Two TLC plates were then obtained and marked with pencil for spotting. A line was drawn 1 cm from the bottom of each plate, and five small, evenly spaced marks were made along those lines (see Figure 1). Each mark indicated where a substance would be spotted. All compounds used were in solutions of 1g of each dissolved in 20 ml of a 50:50 mixture of methylene chloride and ethanol. The first plate made was the reference plate. Capillary micropipets were used to spot the first four marks with acetaminophen, aspirin, caffeine, and salicylamide (in that order). (See figures 2-5 for chemical structures.) The last mark was spotted with a reference solution of all four chemicals. The second plate made was the sample plate. The first four marks were spotted with Anacin, Bufferin, Excedrin, and Tylenol. The fifth mark was spotted with a reference solution of all four drugs. Figure 1. Prepared TLC plates Figure 2. AcetaminophenFigure 3. Aspirin Figure 4. CaffeineFigure 5. Salicylamide A development container was created with a wide-mouthed screwcap jar. It was filled with the development solvent, which was .5% glacial acetic acid in ethyl acetate, so that the solvent was approximately . 5 cm deep.The first TLC plate was then carefully placed into the development container. Great care was taken to ensure that the plate went in evenly so that the solvent could rise evenly up the plate. Once the solvent front had reached approximately 1cm from the top of the plate, the plate was removed, the solvent front was marked with a pencil, and the plate was allowed to dry. The second plate was then placed in the development chamber in the same manner as the first. Once the solvent front reached approximately 1cm from the top of the plate, the plate was removed, the solvent front was marked with a pencil, and the plate was allowed to dry. Each plate was then viewed under the UV light. Any spots that were seen were lightly circled with a pencil, and their color was noted. The orders of elution (Rf values) were calculated by dividing the distance from the baseline to the center of the spot by the distance from the baseline to the solvent front. After all observations and calculations were made, the plates were placed in a jar containing iodine. The jar was warmed with hands so that the iodine vaporized. The plates were then removed from the jar and observed. The reference and sample plates were then compared to determine which compounds the drugs on the sample plate contained. Data

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Chaplin vs Buster

Looking at Modern Times we see cater his act to the viewer. Pressured by the public to reflect social and political discrepancies of the world Charlie develops a topical approach to his art. Buster also developed his act to appeal to the masses as I will later discuss but when comparing our two films Charlie's Modern Times Is the one which caters to both the social and political Issues of the day. Beyond the realm of film Charlie holds his own personal commentary about his world and the Issues faced as his book A Comedian Sees the World demonstrates.Still despite his views initially Charlie saw a clear separation between his art and politics. â€Å"Art is the treatment applied to work and has nothing to do with the subject matter. â€Å"2 Despite this by the mid sass it was not enough to be political yourself as an artist it was also expected to be seen in your art. It was following his world tour that he became more out spoken about the condition the Depression had left the world, and decided to give into outside pressures. Like other Charlie films the film Modern Times took straight from the textbook of Chaplain's aesthetic contract where comedy, romance and pathos, would meet.As stated the difference between other early films by Charlie and Modern Times however were the topical allusions used. We can clearly see this in early scenes between the Electro Steel Company's owner and his workers. The boss barks demands throughout the beginning and by the end of the sequence Charlie's character ends up going mad from the oppressive nature of the work place. Another allusion is to link between poverty and crime as we see scenes of Charlie's love interest stealing from the rich to feed both her and her struggling family. It is important to note however that Von Wigging's essay notes that the combination ofChaplain's aesthetic contract as well as, social and political realities was problematic. To him the film does not ring true to the woes of depression when contra sted with the optimism of a go lucky clown. Still this does not discount the topical allusions which were used throughout this film. Unlike Buster this film Is very much a commentary on the world around them. When looking at the gags done in Modern Times the sheer expressiveness of Charlie. Uses the silliness of things like body movements. You especially you can't overlook the obvious facial movements of Charlie compared to the stone faced Buster.For example scenes like when Charlie is being force fed food are pleasurable because of his being over the top clearly contrast scenes in the General like when Buster no longer sees the train in front of him and gives slight facial movement and reaction. This is one of Busters most well know trademarks. Buster got his start in a family vaudeville act and would later grow to own his own production studio where he directed and starred in a number of films. The General is a classic chase film set during the Civil War. It recounts the story of a down on his luck train engineer who gets wrapped up in a daring rescue for the love of his life.Laura Macgregor notes in her paper and as I mentioned Buster Sexton's â€Å"the General. † Buster Keating tries to appeal to sentiments of the time which called for greater realism in comedic gags. 4 If it couldn't happen in real life then it was not real and Buster saw it as an â€Å"impossible gag. † So rather than fantastic gags he would work at keeping his gags realistic. Laura add that by utilizing the long shot with a long take Buster is able to show how authentic his stunts, like when he travels between train carts, can be. This makes the slapstick comedy more believable to the audience ember.One example of another realistic gag is when Buster's character disguises his love as a sac of potatoes. After putting her on the train you catch shots of Buster wincing in pain as he watches soldiers continue loading. 5 This is contrasted with some of the gags in Charlie's' fi lm Modern Times such as the scene when Charlie finds new employment only to mess up and accidentally cast off one of the ships or the scene where he is blind folded and roller skating a few floors up. Cartoonist scenes where Charlie is being rung through the inside of a machine would not hold true to he realism Buster was looking for.It is important to note that Buster did not simply deny suspending belief in all his films, rather he developed a comedic realism within his features in response to audience's wants. To add to the authenticity Keating also believed things should be visually real. From costumes to the genuine armies of people Buster was committed. â€Å"In the general I took a page from history and I stuck to it in all detail. I staged exactly what happened. â€Å"6 Another technique used by Buster in the General, which Laura touches on, was to plant the gag alongside the narrative.Just as audiences called for comedic realism Laura claims audiences of the sass's were l ooking for more sophisticated or complex comedic relief over what many would deem as simple slapstick comedy. † †¦ Almost all of the gags in The General serve similar double duty as gag and narrative element† 7 It is interesting because by doing so gags not only are used to expand on the story but become key in the development and cohesiveness of the film. Once again looking at the scene where Buster potato sacs his damsel the gag is clearly working on the bigger picture of getting them back to their allies.Without this gag the story can not move forward as smoothly. In comparison to more random scenes within Charlie's' Modern Times such as his roller skating scene within the department store. Though comedic it is not intertwined within the plot. To better entertain the public and though both films were not received well for various reasons they commit to growing within there art Just in different ways. Charlie's pressures being that of representing daily life in th e Depression while Buster is more concerned with appealing to audiences' want for a more realistic performance.

Wednesday, August 14, 2019

What the Bible says and doesn’t say about homosexuality

I waited to enter the debate again until my heart was In the right place and free of anger towards those who disagree with my viewpoint. Now I ask you prayerfully consider these words, not Just rejecting them in favor of your personal prejudices. Search the Scriptures, casting aside all previous viewpoints and open your heart to what the Spirit of God is speaking to you. Many well meaning people build their case against homosexuality almost entirely on the Bible. They, Just as l, value the ancient text, and seek its guidance In their lives. Unfortunately, many of them have never really studied what the Bible does and isn't say about homosexuality. I was unaware until about 2 years ago that a lot of what I'd been taught about the Bible by people who love God and want to teach others the words, was derived from an improper understanding of context, history, and also literalism, which was seen as heresy even going back to Origin and Popularly, early church fathers who were students of A postle John. When I searched further, I came to see the Bible as more.I saw Its many cultures, religions and spiritualistic, but more importantly, I saw people who were trying with their limited understanding of the universe, nature, biology, and overall knowledge, to make sense of a world, and a God, they didn't understand. The Bible has a powerful message for all regardless of gender, sexual orientation, personal philosophy or spiritual practice. But it's a message of love and acceptance, not condemnation and, hate, and fear. Don't take my word for It, though.I ask only that you'd consider what careful research. Prayer, and meditation has taught me about the passages used by some people to condemn God's children simply because of a biological factor like attraction. Premise 1: The rampant epidemic of biblical illiteracy in this country A recent study quoted by DRP. Peter Gomes in The Good Book found that 38 percent of Americans polled were certain the Old Testament was written a f ew years after Jesus' death. Ten percent believed Joan of Arc was Nosh's wife.Many even thought the epistles were the wives of the apostles. A few key points Jesus says nothing about same-sex behavior. The Jewish prophets are silent about homosexuality. Only six or seven of the Bible's one million verses refer to same-sex behavior in any way ? and none of these verses refer to homosexual orientation as It's understood today. Premise 2: Historically, people's misinterpretation of the Bible has left a trail of suffering, bloodshed, and death.Over the centuries, people, well meaning or otherwise, who misunderstood or misinterpreted the Bible have done terrible things. The Bible has been twisted to defend bloody crusades and tragic inquisitions; to support slavery, apartheid, and segregation; to persecute Jews and other non- Christian people of faith; to support Hitter's Third Reich and the Holocaust; to oppose medical science; to condemn Interracial marriage; to execute women as witche s; and Scripture for his purpose. Looking at recent history, within the past 60 years, countless LIGHT people, all of them children of God, were murdered, assaulted, abused, arrested, rejected, ostracizes, fired from Jobs, had their children taken away, and denied basic civil rights because of six or seven verses, most of them taken grossly out of context. Most of the people I know who say â€Å"the Bible condemns homosexuality' would never condone these acts. Most Christians have no idea that the people killing gay and lesbian persons go around quoting those few verses of Scripture as Justification.But it's important to hear these stories, because I'm not writing this little pamphlet as a scholarly exercise. It's a matter of life and death. I'm pleading on the side of love. Premise 3: We must be open to new truth from Scripture God is constantly speaking. What was once adamantly declared as truth in one age is now regarded with ignorance in another. SST. Peter was commanded to kil l and eat animals he once regarded as unclean to show that the old covenant dietary laws had been lifted. SST.Paul, who once killed those who claimed the name of Jesus, in a matter of hours loved the God-Man whom he once despised as a false prophet. Even Jerry Falafel, a bastion of evangelical and fundamentalist Christianity, believed the Bible supported segregation in the church until a black shoeshine man asked him, â€Å"When will someone like me be allowed to become a member of your congregation? † I ask you to look again, with careful prayer, study, and meditation, this issue of sexual orientation. Don't Just accept mindlessly the words of a pastor or priest, but as SST.Paul said in 1st Thessalonians, â€Å"†Test all things and hold fast to that which is good. † We must look at all verses within two frameworks Galatians 5:22-23 â€Å"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, Joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, gentleness, faithfulness, and self control. There is no law against such things. † Philippians 4:8 â€Å"Finally, beloved, whatever is true, whatever is honorable, whatever is Just, whatever is pure, whatever is pleasing, whatever is commendable, if there is any excellence and if there is anything worthy of praise, think upon these things.Even if we believe the Bible is â€Å"infallible† or â€Å"without error,† it's dangerous to think that our understanding of every biblical text is also without error. We are human. We are fallible. And we can misunderstand and misinterpret these ancient words often with devastating results. Premise 4: The Bible is a book about God, not human sexuality The Bible is about God's love for his children and all of his creation. It's a story of God who is healing, renewing, empowering, and loving us, his sons and daughters, so we can follow God's example with others.

Research paper on Ethnomusicology Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

On Ethnomusicology - Research Paper Example The CD is one that fuses the Turkish pop scene into a sense of both cultural traditions and modern techniques to create a contemporary style to the rich culture of history. The instrumentation which is used to complete this style includes mandolin, large percussion sections, violins, guitar and a pop beat for the background sound (Putomayo Presents 2011). Musical Style The musical style of both CDs follows the traditional format of the origins of the groups while carrying influences by the rock and Western style of music. The style is then combined with specific sounds that are able to show the content attributed to each area. The attempt made by both artist groups working toward a fusion sound. For instance, in the song, La Difference, there is a fusion of the African and Western instruments. Electrical guitar is used throughout the piece, as well as a background of piano. There is also a pop-rock beat that is used as a secondary part of the rhythm to create stronger movement. The s ong also uses the phrase â€Å"Love is Serabande† in the chorus. This combines the culture of English, French and African cultures, all which are known in the region that Keita has recorded. All of the CD songs follow this same influence, similar to the group of The Middle East. The musical style of Turkish Groove shows the same contemporary influences. The violin serenades and background, mandolin which is used and the strong percussion line are all a part of the Turkish traditional music. This is the strongest part of the songs that are played. This is combined with the Turkish singing that is attributed to singing in the Turkish language. However, there is a back beat that is... The approaches that are now being taken with music combine the concept of fusion with a cultural context. The individual experiences, political and cultural approaches all make a difference in how artists are expressing their music. However, this is combined with a fusion of sounds that are influencing the globe and changing the approach many have to music. More important, there is the ability to have universal themes that artists are interested in, all which are displayed with the individual and political tensions that the artists are aware of and which creates the main similarities used in the music. When looking at the artists of Keita and Putomayo Presents, it can be seen that cultural influences drive forward the music. However, the themes of ending war, re-looking boundaries and of finding peace remain the same for both groups.

Tuesday, August 13, 2019

Understanding the work of financial markets Essay

Understanding the work of financial markets - Essay Example Therefore, borrowers might end up putting the blame that the unfavorable outcome is as a result of bad luck rather than taking the correct action. A fixed cost has to be paid so that lenders can monitor the actions of borrower. This is not possible because no one would be willing to pay a monitoring cost as they want a free- ride. The solution to this problem is to hire a single monitor to monitor the actions of the borrowers. A single monitor cannot solve this problem alone thus he uses a model of delegated monitoring called diamond model (Diamond 1996 pg 41). They monitor borrowers by promising lenders a fixed return from the diversified portfolio which the intermediaries offer. The diamond model demonstrates how banks have an incentive to act as a delegated monitor and produce the necessary information for efficient resource allocation. Thakor (1996 pg 917) also build another model in view of banks delegated role of monitoring borrowers. This model assumes that there are three typ es of information problem. To begin with, there is incomplete information regarding future projects a firm has or is available. Secondly lenders do not observe how borrowers invest their funds. Lastly, the possibility of borrowers investing in risky projects is very high. The argument of Thakor (1996 pg 917) is that the first problem can be solved by the financial market while the second and third problems can be solved by intermediaries. Thakor also argues that the emerging financial system will be predominated by the banks and the informational advantages of the markets may allow them to develop mature financial system. According to Allen (2002 pg 398), market –based systems such as U.S have... The essay clearly discusses the role of the banks in bank-based system and market-based systems and the informational problems. Market based systems eliminate informational problems. You find that most information is publicly displayed in the market for public listed companies. Then the essay talks about the possible solution. The solution to this problem is to hire a single monitor to monitor the actions of the borrowers. A single monitor cannot solve this problem alone thus he uses a model of delegated monitoring called diamond model (Diamond 1996 pg 41). Then, risk sharing is discussed. Sharing of risks is one of the most important functions of the financial systems and is often argued that the financial markets are well suited in achieving this goal. Afterwards, the essay talks about the corporate governance role. In most countries, the role of corporate control or agency is weak, and as a result banks have been appointed to act as monitors for a large corporation. Financial cris es is another topic that the essay discusses. Banks collect deposits and raise short term funds in the capital markets and invest them in the long term assets. Another important aspect would be that close and durable banking relationships provide better access to clients and eliminate some of the information problems associated with lending. Banking relationships can either be multiple or single. In this report, we have pointed out and discussed the role of banks in the financial systems, comparisons between bank –based and market based systems and their merits and different.

Monday, August 12, 2019

Case Study Analysis Child Care Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study Analysis Child Care Centre - Essay Example With such complexities, the preparation of an appropriate and profit leveraging staff shift schedule ultimately became a critical concern for the new supervisor, M. In this regard, effective management roles require to be performed by the supervisor in order to mitigate the above stated issue or problem (Whetten, & Cameron, 201, pp. 113). It can thus be affirmed that the above stated issue of concern and the subsequent challenge or problem it imposes, might result in unfavorable impacts on the overall performance of the care centre in terms of delivering appropriate and quality services to every particular child. Question: 2 The employees in the child care centre can be observed to decipher strong reluctance in following the instructed working schedule, showing almost no concern towards organizational requirements. This particular aspect indicates towards the problem of limited cooperation between the employees and the management, wherein, even though the management, represented by t he supervisor in this case, is providing adequate concern to satisfy the employees’ requirements at the highest possible extent. ... 115). Question: 3 There are several options available to the supervisor in the referred case, which can be used to resolve the immediate issue as identified in the previous sections. Contextually, the major three strategies that M can take to mitigate the issue have been suggested hereunder. Firstly, a probable reason for the reluctance deciphered by the employees can be identified to be the increasing situational work stress in the centre. It has been mentioned in the case that employees need to work for long hours on a continuous basis to meet the requirement of the centre on a 24x7 basis. Therefore, in order to minimize the work stress on the existing team members, M can emphasize recruiting a few more personnel, who will be able to work professionally and divide the work stress faced by the current staff members (Firth, Mellor, Moore & Loquet, 2004, pp. 178-179). Moreover, the supervisor can employ proactive strategy in this regard in terms of raising personal resiliency of the e mployees (Whetten, & Cameron, 2011, pp. 116). Secondly, as it can be apparently observed that the staff members lack motivation to work in cohesion and coordinate towards the satisfaction of the organizational goals, effective motivational techniques will be required to mitigate the issue. With this aim, M can implement measures allowing incentives to the employees who willingly abide by the defined working schedule along with putting stress upon their performance based appraisal. Also, M must notify the employees regarding their non-monetary losses, such as poor performance appraisal, owing to their non-abidance to the scheduled work plan. This shall prove fruitful in aligning the personal goals of the employees with that of the child care centre

Sunday, August 11, 2019

Business report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business report - Research Paper Example Measures of efficiency are considered as instruments that steer positive business achievements in every business form, regardless of its size. Researchers, academicians, as well as scholars have recently developed interest and are enthusiastic to find out how business ethics and social responsibility steers efficiency in business. In addition, the impacts of the efficiency attained through corporate social responsibility and business ethics on business operations is an area of concern for business stakeholders. The anticipated impacts for such strategies are mostly on the reaction of investors, the employees of a company, the sustained and targeted consumers, as well as the reputation of a business entity. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary 2 The recent decades have seen businesses seek to enhance operational efficiency via the application of proper business ethics as well as corporate social responsibility enhancement. However, the achievement of these requires implementation of ex cellent business improvement strategies that will lead to a positive operational change. ... In addition, the impacts of the efficiency attained through corporate social responsibility and business ethics on business operations is an area of concern for business stakeholders. The anticipated impacts for such strategies are mostly on the reaction of investors, the employees of a company, the sustained and targeted consumers, as well as the reputation of a business entity. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 The impact of business ethics and social responsibility on efficiency in the workplace 4 1.0 Introduction 4 Efficiency is a fundamental component in every form of business operation, regardless of its size or scope of operation. The acquirement of efficiency business measures is attributed to implementation of social responsibility and business ethics strategies that act as a rationale for change. Business ethics entail the constitution that is usually followed by a company’s management to monitor business operations. The company’s code of conduct in relation to countriesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ laws, the set company goals and mission as well as self-monitory skills are the major components of business ethics. Corporate social responsibility is concerned with the scope to which an organization is concerned with the entire society’s wellbeing. Efficiency is one of business success measurement scales, which indicates the extent to which business ethics, social responsibility, the utilization of resource-based view, as well as the effectiveness in the utilization of corporate governance. Therefore, the rationale of increased operational efficiency is improved performance, sustainability, and productivity. This improvement rationale touches the various coordination success factors, which include the image of the company,

Saturday, August 10, 2019

Icelands Business Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Icelands Business Laws - Essay Example With the exemption to particular agricultural products, Iceland practices a liberal trade policy. Since being reviewed back in the year 2000, there has been no major changes made to Iceland's import system in spite of the entry into force of a new customs law on January 1, 2006. MFN (Most Favored-Nation) applied tariff in Iceland is 5.9% with a high percentage of tariff lines profit from duty free treatment. In agricultural products, average MFN applied tariffs is 18.3% according to WTO definition in comparison to other goods that is only 2.5%. The trade and investment relations in Iceland occur under preferential rules. Under various free-trade agreements, Iceland offers preferential tariffs on imports from its 37 WTO Member Nations. Despite the fact that Iceland's growing number of preferential agreements may be lessened by the nation's application of the Pan-European Cumulation System for rules of origin, this has increased the complexity of its trade system. Other outside factors affecting imports in Iceland include a value-added tax, excise taxes, and some other specific charges. Generally, such charges is considered a burden to small economies like Iceland and is significantly heavier than that of the tariffs themselves falling mostly on imports as Iceland depends on imported products in meeting most of its domestic needs. Export restrictions are practiced by Iceland with the purpose of protecting human and animal health. One specific example is the requirement that should be met by producers of lamb meat to export a percentage of their production in regulating the domestic supply. As a result, export goods made from agricultural raw materials gain from a refund equal to the difference between the cost of raw materials in the international and domestic markets. Iceland's law permits the establishment of free zones. Apart from agriculture, aid coming from the state is low and is generally of a horizontal nature due to the fact that it is focused mainly on research and development, support of small and medium-sized businesses, training, and job creation. Iceland's Environmental Protection Iceland had learned a lesson from the 1783 volcanic eruption and just how much it cost to the environment. The environmental disaster has been described as an amazing and portentous one and full of horrible phenomena (White 1789). The article of Brayshay and Grattan (1995) indicated that the emissions from Icelandic volcanic eruptions are capable of causing serious environmental damage, prompting alarm and panic among the population in locations far from the source. Grattan and Charman (1994) added that the palaeoenvironmental implications of this episode have been considered elsewhere, however the full impact on Britain was clearly profound and more work is needed to examine the wider European picture. The question being thrown for the future will be to seek more systematic evidence of crop damage and the impact of adverse weather on food prices. Nevertheless, valuable information that greatly extend our knowledge not only of the impact of volcanic eruptions on distant societies an d ecosystems have been made available on contemporary newspaper and journal accounts that also provide some new light on the character of the responses of those communities

Friday, August 9, 2019

Voices of wisdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Voices of wisdom - Essay Example There are many ways in which law can be unjust. It can prohibit conduct, which should be allowed. It can allow the conduct that must be allowed. It may be applied or enforced unfairly. Examples of unjust law are discussed in detail as hereunder. The chapter seven of the United States’ constitution allows the government to sanction racial discrimination. A person cannot attempt to defend the allegation, if the defense is required, that racial discrimination is not just. The selection of racial discrimination laws as practically unjust refers to the related experiences common law countries, for instance, when the indigenous populations are treated with respect to legalized racial discrimination and slavery subjugation. In addition, some laws also attempt to undermine some institution position of common law courts. For instance, chapters eight and nine of the constitution, examine various examples of this law. Many judges responded to these laws and failed to permit the integrity of their courts be handled in this manner. In these discussions, some basic common laws, which operate by, judicial decisions to maintain the relationship of the constitution on government organs? Furthermore, justice and law can be two different concepts. The latter must contain the basic support of the previous. When this does not happen, many people feel the need to go against the legal structure, resulting in a lack of faithfulness in all laws. One of the examples could be the time when people rebel against legal rights, which have moved against a greater sense of justice, for instance, the social institution against discriminatory laws in America (Garry, 2000). Some laws are unjust to extent that is justifiable to disobey them and even to go against the government, which established them. This shows how the America came in being. There are many examples of unjust laws seen in the text. Many Americans took the assumption of imperfect laws as they were established in the constit ution. This implied that the wrong had trumped what was right. Indeed, many argue that with no notion of good law used to fight evil laws, as many people know that it would never evolve. It is the duty of the free men and women to rise and fight the unjust laws since the imperfect laws attack the people’s liberty. First, the declaration and the United States constitution protect life, property and liberty. Yet many people believe that this is the serious threat to all these. This decision is lawless. Extremely lawless! This is because many lawyers who were in black robes of which one was purported to be conservative. These men used to issue improper decisions. This made the people to be stunned. Currently, the Supreme Court, the ruling institution made to protect the people from the tyranny decided to follow the constitution made. The court claimed to protect the peoples’ rights, but it was unjust to the people. This made the people work hard so as to elect a new presi dent. Many famous legal expositors stated clearly and explicitly that imperfect law is not binding to consider. Many laws are contrary to human good and they are not to all. This implies that if a law is not applied to all, then this is unjust. All people should be equal before the law and, therefore, not discriminated. The unjust laws force many judges to choose between

Thursday, August 8, 2019

Indigenous Peoples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Indigenous Peoples - Essay Example It is also this roots that makes the term Indigenous Peoples, not just ambivalent, but highly paradoxical. Definition of Indigenous Peoples The term Indigenous Peoples has been a subject of much debate but mainstream understanding indicates that people who lived in an area before the conquerors arrive are indigenous. This understanding, however, is muddled with confusion. Indians, for example, were in Louisiana before the arrival of white Americans but ask any American and they would claim original ownership of the land. A further understanding would most likely present two concepts: 1) The First People pertains to the original settlers of a country or area. They are also often called ethnic group or aborigines. 2) Cultural Difference is also used as a major differentiating point between who is indigenous and who is not. Languages, religion or spiritual belief, and socio-economic structure define who is indigenous to the culture In a bid to have a universal understanding of indigenou s peoples, a defition was developed by Jose Martinez Cobo in the Special Rapporteur on Discrimination against Indigenous Populations. This was, for a time, accepted internationally (Sanders 214): "Indigenous populations are composed of the existing descendants of the peoples who inhabited the present territory of a country wholly or partially at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of the world, overcame them, by conquest, settlement or other means, reduced them to a non-dominant or colonial condition; who today live more in conformity with their particular social, economic and cultural customs and traditions than with the institutions of the country of which they now form part, under a state structure which incorporates mainly national, social and cultural characteristics of other segments of the population which are predominant." However, the definition resulted to many questions and challenged many political, cultural, and s ocial beliefs. For one, the acceptance of the definition makes the identity of indigenous peoples dependent on the chronology of its social development. Next, classifying conquerors as people from other parts of the world effectively eliminates neighboring conquerors which may have been more prevalent before recorded history. The definition fundamentally assumed and solidified that the formation of identity, history and culture were dependent on when Europeans started colonizing different parts of the world. It was beyond simple. It was, in fact, unreasonable as it ignored the more organic formation of culture, history and identity that started hundreds, if not thousands of years before European colonizers. Essentially, the definition that was supposed to uphold the identity of a country was based on discrimination. So much, in fact, that even their definition had to be around the axis of the colonizers. Europeans had to arrive before the presence of culture is recognized. The defin ition may have been well-intentioned but the result only lead to further marginalization of people that should have never had to fight for their land. There is also the lack of framework on how culture, tradition and beliefs continue to persist even in the face of modernity and continuous strengthening of global hybrid community. What the definition did, though, is make provide a better and stronger mainstream understanding of the